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Journal of Visualized Experiments : JoVE Jul 2017Smartphone fundus photography is a simple technique to obtain ocular fundus pictures using a smartphone camera and a conventional handheld indirect ophthalmoscopy lens....
Smartphone fundus photography is a simple technique to obtain ocular fundus pictures using a smartphone camera and a conventional handheld indirect ophthalmoscopy lens. This technique is indispensable when picture documentation of optic nerve, retina, and retinal vessels is necessary but a fundus camera is not available. The main advantage of this technique is the widespread availability of smartphones that allows documentation of macula and optic nerve changes in many settings that was not previously possible. Following the well-defined steps detailed here, such as proper alignment of the phone camera, handheld lens, and the patient's pupil, is the key for obtaining a clear retina picture with no interfering light reflections and aberrations. In this paper, the optical principles of indirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus photography will be reviewed first. Then, the step-by-step method to record a good quality retinal image using a smartphone will be explained.
Topics: Fundus Oculi; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography; Smartphone
PubMed: 28715396
DOI: 10.3791/55958 -
Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology Feb 2024The choroid plays an important role in the pathophysiology of the eye. Multimodal imaging offers different techniques to examine the choroid. Fundus fluorescein... (Review)
Review
The choroid plays an important role in the pathophysiology of the eye. Multimodal imaging offers different techniques to examine the choroid. Fundus fluorescein angiography offers limited visualization of the deep layers of the fundus due to the barrier property of the retinal pigment epithelium. Therefore, indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) is widely used in the angiographic examination of the choroidal structure. ICGA is an important component of multimodal imaging in the diagnosis and treatment of many degenerative, tumoral, and inflammatory diseases of the choroid and retina. This review presents the general characteristics of ICGA and a practical approach to its clinical use.
Topics: Humans; Indocyanine Green; Retina; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Choroid
PubMed: 38385319
DOI: 10.4274/tjo.galenos.2023.89735 -
Current Opinion in Neurology Feb 2019The funduscopic examination can be a technically difficult, and often omitted, portion of the neurologic examination, despite its great potential to influence patient... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The funduscopic examination can be a technically difficult, and often omitted, portion of the neurologic examination, despite its great potential to influence patient care.
RECENT FINDINGS
Medical practitioners are often first taught to examine the ocular fundus using a direct ophthalmoscope, however, this skill requires frequent practice. Nonmydriatic tabletop and portable fundus photography and even smartphone-based photography offer alternative and practical means for approaching examination of the ocular fundus. These alternative tools have been shown to be practical in a variety of settings including ambulatory clinics and emergency departments. Decreased retinal microvascular density detected with fundus photography has been linked to accelerated rates of cognitive decline. Research has also found optic disc pallor and retinopathy detected via fundus photography to be more prevalent in patients with recent stroke or transient ischemic attack.
SUMMARY
Alternative methods of funduscopic examination based on fundus photography have the potential to improve the ease of use, portability, and availability of funduscopy. Recognition of changes in retinal microvasculature has the potential to noninvasively identify patients at the highest risk for cognitive impairment and cerebrovascular disease. However, further research is needed to determine the specific utility of measurements of retinal microvascular changes in clinical care. Innovative funduscopy techniques offer neurologists new approaches to this essential facet of the neurological examination.
Topics: Eye Diseases; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Neurologic Examination; Ophthalmoscopy; Photography
PubMed: 30516640
DOI: 10.1097/WCO.0000000000000637 -
The British Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 1981Ten patients (13 eyes) suffered from varying degrees of eclipse retinopathy during a solar eclipse on 16 February 1980. There was no correlation between severity of the...
Ten patients (13 eyes) suffered from varying degrees of eclipse retinopathy during a solar eclipse on 16 February 1980. There was no correlation between severity of the fundus lesions and the visual acuity. In 8 of the 10 eyes available for follow-up 6/6 or better visual acuity was seen. Early fluorescein studies revealed microleaks in 3 eyes (2 patients) and masking of choroidal fluorescence in 1 eye; however, 1 to 3 weeks later these eyes showed only faint window defects. It is postulated that in mild to moderate lesions there is a transient retinal capillary spasm, producing oedema in anterior retinal layers. Fluorescein angiography in such patients reveals no abnormality or only masking of choroidal fluorescence. However, severe cases develop micropunctures in the tight junctions of the pigment epithelium, leading to microleaks, which are sealed within a short period.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Fluorescein Angiography; Follow-Up Studies; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Male; Retinal Diseases; Retinal Vessels; Sunlight
PubMed: 7448156
DOI: 10.1136/bjo.65.1.42 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Apr 2021The peripheral retina is affected in a variety of retinal disorders. Traditional fundus cameras capture only a part of the fundus even when montaging techniques are... (Review)
Review
The peripheral retina is affected in a variety of retinal disorders. Traditional fundus cameras capture only a part of the fundus even when montaging techniques are used. Ultra-wide field imaging enables us to delve into the retinal periphery in greater detail. It not only facilitates assessing color images of the fundus, but also fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, fundus autofluorescence, and red and green free images. In this review, a literature search using the keywords "ultra-widefield imaging", "widefield imaging", and "peripheral retinal imaging" in English and non-English languages was done and the relevant articles were included. Ultra-wide field imaging has made new observations in the normal population as well as in eyes with retinal disorders including vascular diseases, degenerative diseases, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, retinal and choroidal tumors and hereditary retinal dystrophies. This review aims to describe the utility of ultra-wide field imaging in various retinal disorders.
Topics: Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Optical Imaging; Retina; Retinal Diseases
PubMed: 33727441
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1403_20 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2015The methods of fundus examination include direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging with a fundus camera are an essential part of ophthalmic practice. The usage of... (Review)
Review
The methods of fundus examination include direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy and imaging with a fundus camera are an essential part of ophthalmic practice. The usage of unconventional equipment such as a hand-held video camera, smartphone, and a nasal endoscope allows one to image the fundus with advantages and some disadvantages. The advantages of these instruments are the cost-effectiveness, ultra portability and ability to obtain images in a remote setting and share the same electronically. These instruments, however, are unlikely to replace the fundus camera but then would always be an additional arsenal in an ophthalmologist's armamentarium.
Topics: Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Ophthalmoscopy; Retinal Diseases; Smartphone
PubMed: 26458475
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.167123 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Oct 2022Retinal drawing with a color-coding system brings uniformity in representation of fundus findings so that clinician can decipher various lesions on a two-dimensional...
Retinal drawing with a color-coding system brings uniformity in representation of fundus findings so that clinician can decipher various lesions on a two-dimensional drawing. Existing color coding addresses most of the common retinal pathologies including preretinal, intraretinal, and subretinal lesions. However, with the advent of various imaging modalities there is deeper understanding of microanatomy of retina and associated pathologies. With this, there appears further need of newer set of color coding to include the minute details of fundus findings clinically. Through this article, we discuss few common pathologies at different levels of retina layers with color-coding dilemma which calls for a better preciseness in its clinical representations.
Topics: Color; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Retina
PubMed: 36190076
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1004_22 -
Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology... 2020Intraocular tumors are primarily diagnosed clinically. However, ancillary tests such as fluorescein angiogram provides excellent visualization of retinal tumors while... (Review)
Review
Intraocular tumors are primarily diagnosed clinically. However, ancillary tests such as fluorescein angiogram provides excellent visualization of retinal tumors while indocyanine green angiography reveals intrinsic vascular patterns of choroidal tumors. In this review, we contrast angiographic patterns of a variety of retinal, choroidal, and iris tumors.
Topics: Choroid; Eye Neoplasms; Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Retina
PubMed: 32960821
DOI: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000323 -
Proceedings of the Royal Society of... Dec 1961
Topics: Disease; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Retina; Retinal Degeneration; Retinal Diseases; Retinitis Pigmentosa
PubMed: 13894569
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2015The peripheral retina is the site of pathology in many ocular diseases and ultra-widefield (UWF) imaging is one of the new technologies available to ophthalmologists to... (Review)
Review
The peripheral retina is the site of pathology in many ocular diseases and ultra-widefield (UWF) imaging is one of the new technologies available to ophthalmologists to manage some of these diseases. Currently, there are several imaging systems used in practice for the purpose of diagnostic, monitoring disease progression or response to therapy, and telemedicine. These include modalities for both adults and pediatric patients. The current systems are capable of producing wide- and UWF color fundus photographs, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiograms, and autofluorescence images. Using this technology, important clinical observations have been made in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, uveitides, retinal vascular occlusions and tumors, intraocular tumors, retinopathy of prematurity, and age-related macular degeneration. Widefield imaging offers excellent postoperative documentation of retinal detachment surgery. New applications will soon be available to integrate this technology into large volume routine clinical practice.
Topics: Fluorescein Angiography; Fundus Oculi; Humans; Image Enhancement; Reproducibility of Results; Retina; Retinal Diseases
PubMed: 26458474
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.167122