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Microbiological Research Mar 2018The recent surge in demand for exotic ornamental crops such as orchids has led to a rise in international production, and a sharp increase in the number of plant and... (Review)
Review
The recent surge in demand for exotic ornamental crops such as orchids has led to a rise in international production, and a sharp increase in the number of plant and plant products moving between countries. Along with the plants, diseases are also being transported and introduced into new areas. Fusarium is one of the major diseases causing pathogens infecting orchids that is spreading through international trade. Studies have identified several species of Fusarium associated with orchids, some are pathogenic and cause symptoms such as leaf and flower spots, leaf or sheath blights, pseudostem or root rots, and wilts. Infection and damage caused by Fusarium reduces the quality of plants and flowers, and can cause severe economic losses. This review documents the current status of the Fusarium-orchid interaction, and illustrates challenges and future perspectives based on the available literature. This review is the first of Fusarium and orchid interactions, and integrates diverse results that both furthers the understanding and knowledge of this disease complex, and will enable the development of effective disease management practices.
Topics: Flowers; Fusarium; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Introduced Species; Orchidaceae; Plant Diseases; Plant Roots
PubMed: 29458853
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2017.12.002 -
Toxins Jan 2020is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select... (Review)
Review
is among the top 10 most economically important plant pathogens in the world. Trichothecenes are the principal mycotoxins produced as secondary metabolites by select species of and cause acute and chronic toxicity in animals and humans upon exposure either through consumption and/or contact. There are over 100 trichothecene metabolites and they can occur in a wide range of commodities that form food and feed products. This review discusses strategies to mitigate the risk of mycotoxin production and exposure by examining the -trichothecene model. Fundamental to mitigation of risk is knowing the identity of the pathogen. As such, a comparison of current, recommended molecular approaches for sequence-based identification of Fusaria is presented, followed by an analysis of the rationale and methods of trichothecene (TRI) genotyping and chemotyping. This type of information confirms the source and nature of risk. While both are powerful tools for informing regulatory decisions, an assessment of the causes of incongruence between TRI genotyping and chemotyping data must be made. Reconciliation of this discordance will map the way forward in terms of optimization of molecular approaches, which includes data validation and sharing in the form of accessible repositories of genomic data and browsers for querying such data.
Topics: Fusarium; Genotype; Secondary Metabolism; Trichothecenes
PubMed: 31973043
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020064 -
Microbiological Research Mar 2021In last years, the main studied microbial sources of natural blue pigments have been the eukaryotic algae, Rhodophytes and Cryptophytes, and the cyanobacterium... (Review)
Review
In last years, the main studied microbial sources of natural blue pigments have been the eukaryotic algae, Rhodophytes and Cryptophytes, and the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis, responsible for the production of phycocyanin, one of the most important blue compounds approved for food and cosmetic use. Recent research also includes the indigoidine pigment from the bacteria Erwinia, Streptomyces and Photorhabdus. Despite these advances, there are still few options of microbial blue pigments reported so far, but the interest in these products is high due to the lack of stable natural blue pigments in nature. Filamentous fungi are particularly attractive for their ability to produce pigments with a wide range of colors. Bikaverin is a red metabolite present mainly in species of the genus Fusarium. Although originally red, the biomass containing bikaverin changes its color to blue after heat treatment, through a mechanism still unknown. In addition to the special behavior of color change by thermal treatment, bikaverin has beneficial biological properties, such as antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities, which can expand its use for the pharmaceutical and medical sectors. The present review addresses the production natural blue pigments and focuses on the properties of bikaverin, which can be an important source of blue pigment with potential applications in the food industry and in other industrial sectors.
Topics: Color; Fusarium; Pigments, Biological; Xanthones
PubMed: 33302226
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126653 -
PLoS Pathogens Apr 2016
Review
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Drug Resistance; Fusarium; Genetic Variation; Humans; Plant Diseases; Prevalence
PubMed: 27054821
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005464 -
Molecular Plant Pathology May 2013Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil-borne fungus able to cause foot and root rot and Fusarium head blight on different small-grain cereals, in particular wheat and barley. It causes significant yield and quality losses and results in contamination of the grain with mycotoxins. This review summarizes recent research activities related to F. culmorum, including studies into its population diversity, mycotoxin biosynthesis, mechanisms of pathogenesis and resistance, the development of diagnostic tools and preliminary genome sequence surveys. We also propose potential research areas that may expand our basic understanding of the wheat-F. culmorum interaction and assist in the management of the disease caused by this pathogen.
TAXONOMY
Fusarium culmorum (W.G. Smith) Sacc. Kingdom Fungi; Phylum Ascomycota; Subphylum Pezizomycotina; Class Sordariomycetes; Subclass Hypocreomycetidae; Order Hypocreales; Family Nectriaceae; Genus Fusarium.
DISEASE SYMPTOMS
Foot and root rot (also known as Fusarium crown rot): seedling blight with death of the plant before or after emergence; brown discoloration on roots and coleoptiles of the infected seedlings; brown discoloration on subcrown internodes and on the first two/three internodes of the main stem; tiller abortion; formation of whiteheads with shrivelled white grains; Fusarium head blight: prematurely bleached spikelets or blighting of the entire head, which remains empty or contains shrunken dark kernels. IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION: Morphological identification is based on the shape of the macroconidia formed on sporodochia on carnation leaf agar. The conidiophores are branched monophialides, short and wide. The macroconidia are relatively short and stout with an apical cell blunt or slightly papillate; the basal cell is foot-shaped or just notched. Macroconidia are thick-walled and curved, usually 3-5 septate, and mostly measuring 30-50 × 5.0-7.5 μm. Microconidia are absent. Oval to globose chlamydospores are formed, intercalary in the hyphae, solitary, in chains or in clumps; they are also formed from macroconidia. The colony grows very rapidly (1.6-2.2 cm/day) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at the optimum temperature of 25 °C. The mycelium on PDA is floccose, whitish, light yellow or red. The pigment on the reverse plate on PDA varies from greyish-rose, carmine red or burgundy. A wide array of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR tools, as well as complementary methods, which are summarised in the first two tables, have been developed for the detection and/or quantification of F. culmorum in culture and in naturally infected plant tissue.
HOST RANGE
Fusarium culmorum has a wide range of host plants, mainly cereals, such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, corn, sorghum and various grasses. In addition, it has been isolated from sugar beet, flax, carnation, bean, pea, asparagus, red clover, hop, leeks, Norway spruce, strawberry and potato tuber. Fusarium culmorum has also been associated with dermatitis on marram grass planters in the Netherlands, although its role as a causal agent of skin lesions appears questionable. It is also isolated as a symbiont able to confer resistance to abiotic stress, and has been proposed as a potential biocontrol agent to control the aquatic weed Hydrilla spp.
USEFUL WEBSITES
http://isolate.fusariumdb.org/; http://sppadbase.ipp.cnr.it/; http://www.broad.mit.edu/annotation/genome/fusarium_group/MultiHome.html; http://www.fgsc.net/Fusarium/fushome.htm; http://plantpath.psu.edu/facilities/fusarium-research-center; http://www.phi-base.org/; http://www.uniprot.org/; http://www.cabi.org/; http://www.indexfungorum.org/
Topics: Fusarium; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mycotoxins; Plant Diseases; Triticum
PubMed: 23279114
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12011 -
Microbiological Research Nov 2021Sugarcane is an important crop in Southern Iran for agri-food, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. Among the pathogens that colonize sugarcane, mycotoxigenic Fusarium...
Sugarcane is an important crop in Southern Iran for agri-food, energy, and pharmaceutical industries. Among the pathogens that colonize sugarcane, mycotoxigenic Fusarium species are reason of serious concern for both their pathogenicity on plants and ability to produce harmful mycotoxins to humans and animals. We studied 104 Fusarium strains, selected within a wider Fusarium set isolated from sugarcane in Southern Iran, for molecular identification, phylogeny and mycotoxin analyses. Most of Fusarium strains belonged to Fusarium fujikuroi Species Complex (FFSC) and identified mainly as F. proliferatum, at minor extent as F. sacchari, and rarely as F. thapsinum, and F. verticillioides. Moreover, 14 strains identified as FFSC could not be assigned to any known species, although they were phylogenetically closely related to F. andiyazi, likely representing a new phylogenetic species. A subset of FFSC strains were analyzed for in vitro production of fumonisins (FBs), beauvericin (BEA), and enniatins (ENNs). Fusarium proliferatum strains produced FBs at high amount, and, at a lesser extent, BEA, and ENNs; F.sacchari produced only BEA and B ENNs at very low level; Fusarium sp. strains produced only B ENNs. The paper provides new insights on the genetic diversity of Fusarium species and their mycotoxin profile occurring on sugarcane in Iran.
Topics: Fusarium; Genes, Fungal; Iran; Mycotoxins; Phylogeny; Saccharum
PubMed: 34455360
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126855 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Mar 2010The interaction between tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici has become a model system for the study of the molecular basis of disease resistance and... (Review)
Review
The interaction between tomato and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici has become a model system for the study of the molecular basis of disease resistance and susceptibility. Gene-for-gene interactions in this system have provided the basis for the development of tomato cultivars resistant to Fusarium wilt disease. Over the last 6 years, new insights into the molecular basis of these gene-for-gene interactions have been obtained. Highlights are the identification of three avirulence genes in F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and the development of a molecular switch model for I-2, a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat-type resistance protein which mediates the recognition of the Avr2 protein. We summarize these findings here and present possible scenarios for the ongoing molecular arms race between tomato and F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in both nature and agriculture.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Fusarium; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Solanum lycopersicum; Virulence
PubMed: 20447279
DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00605.x -
Toxins Nov 2021and are fungal pathogens that cause diseases in cereal crops, such as Fusarium head blight (FHB), seedling blight, and stalk rot. They also produce a variety of...
and are fungal pathogens that cause diseases in cereal crops, such as Fusarium head blight (FHB), seedling blight, and stalk rot. They also produce a variety of mycotoxins that reduce crop yields and threaten human and animal health. Several strategies for controlling these diseases have been developed. However, due to a lack of resistant cultivars and the hazards of chemical fungicides, efforts are now focused on the biocontrol of plant diseases, which is a more sustainable and environmentally friendly approach. In the present study, the lipopeptide mycosubtilin purified from ATCC6633 significantly suppressed the growth of PH-1 and 7600 in vitro. Mycosubtilin caused the destruction and deformation of plasma membranes and cell walls in hyphae. Additionally, mycosubtilin inhibited conidial spore formation and germination of both fungi in a dose-dependent manner. experiments demonstrated the ability of mycosubtilin to control the adverse effects caused by and on wheat heads and maize kernels respectively. Mycosubtilin significantly decreased the production of deoxynivalenol (DON) and B-series fumonisins (FB, FB and FB) in infected grains, with inhibition rates of 48.92, 48.48, 52.42, and 59.44%, respectively. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that mycosubtilin significantly downregulated genes involved in mycotoxin biosynthesis. In conclusion, mycosubtilin produced by ATCC6633 was shown to have potential as a biological agent to control plant diseases and toxin contamination caused by and
Topics: Bacillus subtilis; Fungicides, Industrial; Fusarium; Lipoproteins; Mycotoxins
PubMed: 34822575
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110791 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Feb 2021Golgins are coiled-coil proteins that play prominent roles in maintaining the structure and function of the Golgi complex. However, the role of golgin proteins in...
Golgins are coiled-coil proteins that play prominent roles in maintaining the structure and function of the Golgi complex. However, the role of golgin proteins in phytopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. In this study, we functionally characterized the golgin protein RUD3, a homolog of RUD3/GMAP-210 in and mammalian cells. Cellular localization observation revealed that RUD3 is located in the -Golgi. Deletion of RUD3 caused defects in vegetative growth, ascospore discharge, deoxynivalenol (DON) production, and virulence. Moreover, the Δ mutant showed reduced expression of genes and impairment of the formation of toxisomes, both of which play essential roles in DON biosynthesis. We further used green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged SNARE protein SEC22 (SEC22-GFP) as a tool to study the transport between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi and observed that SEC22-GFP was retained in the -Golgi in the Δ mutant. RUD3 contains the coiled coil (CC), GRAB-associated 2 (GA2), GRIP-related Arf binding (GRAB), and GRAB-associated 1 (GA1) domains, which except for GA1, are indispensable for normal localization and function of RUD3, whereas only CC is essential for normal RUD3-RUD3 interaction. Together, these results demonstrate how the golgin protein RUD3 mediates retrograde trafficking in the ER-to-Golgi pathway and is necessary for growth, ascospore discharge, DON biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in head blight (FHB) caused by the fungal pathogen is an economically important disease of wheat and other small grain cereal crops worldwide, and limited effective control strategies are available. A better understanding of the regulation mechanisms of development, deoxynivalenol (DON) biosynthesis, and pathogenicity is therefore important for the development of effective control management of this disease. Golgins are attached via their extreme carboxy terminus to the Golgi membrane and are involved in vesicle trafficking and organelle maintenance in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we systematically characterized a highly conserved Golgin protein, RUD3, and found that it is required for vegetative growth, ascospore discharge, DON production, and pathogenicity in Our findings provide a comprehensive characterization of the golgin family protein RUD3 in plant-pathogenic fungus, which could help to identify a new potential target for effective control of this devastating disease.
Topics: Fungal Proteins; Fusarium; Golgi Apparatus; Golgi Matrix Proteins; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Reproduction, Asexual; Spores, Fungal; Trichothecenes; Triticum; Virulence
PubMed: 33452023
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02522-20 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 1994There are several taxonomic systems available for identifying Fusarium species. The philosophy used in each taxonomic system is discussed as well as problems encountered... (Review)
Review
There are several taxonomic systems available for identifying Fusarium species. The philosophy used in each taxonomic system is discussed as well as problems encountered in working with Fusarium species in culture. Fusarium species are toxigenic, and the mycotoxins produced by these organisms are often associated with animal and human diseases. The implications for the association of the carcinogens, fumonisins, produced by Fusarium moniliforme and other Fusarium species with human diseases are discussed. Foreign-body-associated fusarial infection such as keratitis in contact lens wearers, onychomycosis, skin infections, and disseminated multiorgan infections are discussed. Disseminated fusarial hyalohyphomycosis has emerged as a significant, usually fatal infection in the immunocompromised host. Successful outcome is determined by the degree of immunosuppression, the extent of the infection, and the presence of a removable focus such as an indwelling central venous catheter. These infections may be clinically suspected on the basis of a constellation of clinical and laboratory findings, which should lead to prompt therapy, probably with one of the newer antifungal agents. Perhaps the use of such agents or the use of colony-stimulating factors may improve the outcome of this devastating infection. However, until new approaches for treatment develop, effective preventive measures are urgently needed.
Topics: Animals; Classification; Fusarium; Humans; Mycology; Mycoses; Mycotoxicosis; Mycotoxins
PubMed: 7834602
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.7.4.479