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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Turtles and 'tortoises' populations are declining in number, the factors driving extinction risks being related to habitat loss and degradation, climate change,... (Review)
Review
Turtles and 'tortoises' populations are declining in number, the factors driving extinction risks being related to habitat loss and degradation, climate change, introduction of invasive plant and animal species, consumption by humans for food and medicinal use, and collection for international pet trade. Fungal infections represent one of the main threats for ecosystem health. The present narrative review deals with conventional and emerging mycoses of Chelonians. Although conventional mycoses in captive and pet reptiles would depend on poor husbandry, being the agents mostly opportunistic pathogens, some fungal species were reported to occur more frequently, such as the entomopathogen . Furthermore, emerging agents such as the species complex have been recognized as a real threat for the surviving of some aquatic species, acting as primary pathogens. This complex has been recently included within pathogens in One Health issues. is recognized as an emerging threat, although, due its recent identification, information about its epidemiology is limited. Data about treatments and outcomes of mycoses in Chelonians are also referred.
PubMed: 37233230
DOI: 10.3390/jof9050518 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022infections in humans (fusariosis) and in economically important plants involve species of several species complexes. Species of the species complex (FSSC) are the...
infections in humans (fusariosis) and in economically important plants involve species of several species complexes. Species of the species complex (FSSC) are the most frequent cause of human fusariosis. The FSSC comprises more than 60 closely related species that can be separated into three major clades by multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) using translation elongation factor 1-alpha () and RNA polymerase II () DNA sequences. The MLST nomenclature for clade 3 of the FSSC assigns numbers to species types (e.g., FSSC 2) and lowercase letters to identify unique haplotypes. The aim of this study was to analyse the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of 15 environmental and 15 clinical FSSC isolates from Malaysia. MLST was used for the genotypic characterisation of FSSC isolates from various locations within Malaysia, which was complemented by their morphological characterisation on potato dextrose and carnation leaf agar. MLST identified eight different FSSC species: thirteen (i.e., FSSC 2), six (FSSC 20), five (FSSC 3+4), two (FSSC 27) and one each of (FSSC 1), (FSSC 7), sp. (FSSC 12), and (FSSC 21). Consistent with previous reports from Malaysia, most (11 of 15) clinical FSSC isolates were and the majority (9 of 15) of environmental isolates were (5) or (4) strains. The taxonomic relationships of the isolates were resolved phylogenetically. The eight species also showed distinct morphological characteristics, but these were less clearly defined and reached across species boundaries. Although and sequences were sufficient for the species identification of most FSSC isolates, a more precise MLST scheme needs to be established to reliably assign individual isolates of the species-rich FSSC to their geographically-, epidemiologically-, and host-associated sub-lineages.
PubMed: 36012833
DOI: 10.3390/jof8080845 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2018The species has diverse ecological functions ranging from saprophytes, endophytes, and animal and plant pathogens. Occasionally, they are isolated from dead and alive... (Review)
Review
The species has diverse ecological functions ranging from saprophytes, endophytes, and animal and plant pathogens. Occasionally, they are isolated from dead and alive insects. However, research on fusaria-insect associations is very limited as fusaria are generalized as opportunistic insect-pathogens. Additionally, their phytopathogenicity raises concerns in their use as commercial biopesticides. Insect biocontrol potential of is favored by their excellent soil survivability as saprophytes, and sometimes, insect-pathogenic strains do not exhibit phytopathogenicity. In addition, a small group of fusaria, those belonging to the species complex, act as insect mutualists assisting in host growth and fecundity. In this review, we summarize mutualism and pathogenicity among fusaria and insects. Furthermore, we assert on entomopathogenicity by analyzing previous studies clearly demonstrating their natural insect-pathogenicity in fields, and their presence in soils. We also review the presence and/or production of a well-known insecticidal metabolite beauvericin by different species. Lastly, some proof-of-concept studies are also summarized, which demonstrate the histological as well as immunological changes that a larva undergoes during pathogenesis. These reports highlight the insecticidal properties of some spp., and emphasize the need of robust techniques, which can distinguish phytopathogenic, mutualistic and entomopathogenic fusaria.
PubMed: 30487454
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7040093 -
Indian Journal of Dermatology May 2011A young apparently healthy, non-diabetic, HIV non-reactive woman presented with a mycetoma-like lesion on right buttock. Discharge was scanty, and mycotic grains were...
A young apparently healthy, non-diabetic, HIV non-reactive woman presented with a mycetoma-like lesion on right buttock. Discharge was scanty, and mycotic grains were not seen. Biopsy of sinus track was obtained for microscopy and culture. Microscopic examination revealed plenty of fungal hyphae in direct microscopic examination of grounded tissues in saline; KOH, Gram's, and H and E-stained smears. All the three inoculated slants of Sabouraud's media yielded heavy growth of Fusarium solani. Presence of numerous hyphal fragments in direct microscopy and heavy growth of F. solani in all three slants indicative of etiological role of fungus in the present case. It is probably a first report of F. soloni mycetoma from India.
PubMed: 21772597
DOI: 10.4103/0019-5154.82490 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Fungal colonization can severely damage artifacts. Nematode endosymbiotic bacteria exhibit good prospects in protecting artifacts from fungal damage. We previously found...
Fungal colonization can severely damage artifacts. Nematode endosymbiotic bacteria exhibit good prospects in protecting artifacts from fungal damage. We previously found that supernatant from the fermentation of nematode endosymbiotic bacterium, , is effective in inhibiting the growth of NK-NH1, the major disease fungus in the Nanhai No.1 Shipwreck. Further experiments proved that produces volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that inhibit NK-NH1. Here, using metabolomic analysis, GC-MS, and transcriptomic analysis, we explored the antifungal substances and VOCs produced by and investigated the mechanism underlying its inhibitory effect against NK-NH1. We show that produces several metabolites, mainly lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. The VOCs produced by showed two specific absorption peaks, and based on the library ratio results, these were predicted to be of 2-pentanone, 3-(phenylmethylene) and 1-hexen-3-one, 5-methyl-1-phenyl. The inhibition of by VOCs resulted in upregulation of genes related to ribosome, ribosome biogenesis, and the oxidative phosphorylation and downregulation of many genes associated with cell cycle, meiosis, DNA replication, and autophagy. These results are significant for understanding the inhibitory mechanisms employed by nematode endosymbiotic bacteria and should serve as reference in the protection of artifacts.
Topics: Animals; Antifungal Agents; Bacteria; Fusarium; Nematoda; Volatile Organic Compounds; Xenorhabdus
PubMed: 36012310
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169040 -
Genes Apr 2023Sweetpotato () is an important root crop that is infected by in both seedling and root stages, causing irregular black or brown disease spots and root rot and canker....
Sweetpotato () is an important root crop that is infected by in both seedling and root stages, causing irregular black or brown disease spots and root rot and canker. This study aims to use RNA sequencing technology to investigate the dynamic changes in root transcriptome profiles between control check and roots at 6 h, 24 h, 3 days, and 5 days post-inoculation (hpi/dpi) with . The results showed that the defense reaction of sweetpotato could be divided into an early step (6 and 24 hpi) without symptoms and a late step to respond to infection (3 and 5 dpi). The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to infection were enriched in the cellular component, biological process, and molecular function, with more DEGs in the biological process and molecular function than in the cellular component. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the main pathways were metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and carbon metabolism. More downregulated genes were identified than upregulated genes in the plant-pathogen interaction and transcription factors, which might be related to the degree of host resistance to The findings of this study provide an important basis to further characterize the complex mechanisms of sweetpotato resistance against biotic stress and identify new candidate genes for increasing the resistance of sweetpotato.
Topics: Transcriptome; Ipomoea batatas; Plant Roots; Fusarium
PubMed: 37239329
DOI: 10.3390/genes14050969 -
AMB Express Sep 2023L-asparaginase is an antileukemic enzyme that hydrolyzes L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia, causing cell starvation and apoptosis in susceptible leukemic...
L-asparaginase is an antileukemic enzyme that hydrolyzes L-asparagine into L-aspartic acid and ammonia, causing cell starvation and apoptosis in susceptible leukemic cell populations. Currently, L-asparaginase obtained from bacterial sources is constrained by several issues, including lesser productivity, stability, selectivity, and higher toxicity. The goal of this study is to provide fungal L-asparaginase with in-vitro effectiveness towards different human carcinomas. L-asparaginase from endophytic Fusarium solani (Gene Bank accession number MW209717) isolated from the roots of the medicinal plant Hedera helix L. was characterized and optimized experimentally for maximum L-asparaginase production in addition to evaluating its subsequent cytotoxicity towards acute monocytic leukemia and human skin fibroblast cell lines. The enzyme production was maximized using potato dextrose media (15.44 IU/ml/hr) at the 5th and 6th days of fermentation with incubation temperature 30 °C, 3% asparagine, 150-180 rpm agitation rate and a 250 ml flask. Enzyme characterization studies revealed that the enzyme maintained its thermal stability with temperatures up to 60 °C. However, its optimal activity was achieved at 35 °C. On measuring the enzymatic activity at various temperatures and different pH, maximum enzyme activity was recorded at 40 °C and pH 8 using 0.1 M asparagine concentration. Results also revealed promising cytotoxic activity against acute monocytic leukemia with IC = 3.66 µg/ml and low cytotoxicity against tested normal human skin fibroblast cell line which suggested that it might have selective toxicity, and consequently it could be used as a less toxic alternative to the current formulations.
PubMed: 37702815
DOI: 10.1186/s13568-023-01602-2 -
Plant Disease Jul 2022Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L) is a thorny tree of the Rue family, which is extensively used as citrus rootstock in China. In January 2021, several leaf...
Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata L) is a thorny tree of the Rue family, which is extensively used as citrus rootstock in China. In January 2021, several leaf yellowing, declining, and wilting citrus seedlings grafted on trifoliate orange rootstock with rotted main roots were observed in orchards located in Wuhan city, Hubei, China. In old orchards, the incidence of diseased roots was approximately 90%. Diseased roots from seven plants were collected and cut into small pieces (0.2 to 0.5 cm). These pieces were then surface-sterilized using 0.1% mercury bichloride for 3 min, 75% ethanol for 3 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water for several times, and then placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with 0.05% lactic acid (v/v), and incubated at at 25±2°C in dark. Fifty-threesingle-conidium isolates with morphological characteristics similar to Fusarium spp. were obtained (Leslie and Summerell 2006), which displayed two kinds of colony morphology. Thirty isolates showed white to orange-white abundant aerial mycelium in rings and acquired a yellow to orange pigmentation, tweenty-three isolates showed white to pink, fluffy aerial mycelium in rings and acquired an orange to red pigmentation. Isolate WG-1 and HrmY-9 from each group were used for future identification. The average colony growth rate of WG-1 and HrmY-9 on PDA was 0.95±0.06 and 0.69±0.11 mm/day, n=4, respectively. WG-1 produced numerous oval, unicellular microconidia without septa, 4.03-9.87×1.01-5.13 µm, n=80 and very few macroconidia with two to four septa, narrowed at both ends, 11.08-22.64×1.67-4.91 µm, n=30. HrmY-9 produced numerous curved macroconidia with three to four septa, 18.03-37.33×2.16-7.8 µm, n=80, microconidia were unicellular, oval, and 5.33-16.19×1.74-6.51 µm, n=50. Sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1α), and DNA-directed RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1) genes were amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4, EF1a-F/EF1a-R, and RPB1-F5/RPB1-R8, respectively (White et al. 1990, O'Donnell et al. 1998, O'Donnell et al. 2010), sequenced and deposited in GenBank. Sequences of isolate WG-1 (GenBank accession No. ON045437, ON063232 and ON089664) and HrmY-9 (GenBank accession No. ON045438, ON063233 and ON089665) were 100% identical with the corresponding sequences of Fusarium oxysporum (OM876904, JF430180, and MT568959) and F. solani (MT605584, MK617767, and MT305110), respectively. Based on above results, WG-1 and HrmY-9 was identified as F. oxysporum and F. solani, respectively. Pathogenicity test were performed on healthy one-year-old trifoliate orange seedlings by dipping their injured roots into conidial suspension (50 ml, 1×106 conidia/mL) for 1 h and the rest of conidial suspension was added to the pot after replanting to make sure the inoculum was in contact with the roots. Roots of control plants were inoculated with sterilized water. All experiments were repeated twice. All plants were cultured at 26°C under a 16-h light/dark cycle. Typical symptoms developed on most of inoculated seedlings two months post inoculation. No disease symptoms appeared on control plants. Same colonies were reisolated from the inoculated roots, confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum and F. solani causing root rot on trifoliate orange rootstock in China. The identification of F. oxysporum and F. solani as the causal agents of the observed root rot on trifoliate orange rootstock is critical to the prevention and control of this disease in the future.
PubMed: 35876760
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-03-22-0694-PDN -
Frontiers in Bioinformatics 2022is worrisome because it severely threatens the agricultural productivity of certain crops such as tomatoes and peas, causing the general decline, wilting, and root...
is worrisome because it severely threatens the agricultural productivity of certain crops such as tomatoes and peas, causing the general decline, wilting, and root necrosis. It has also been implicated in the infection of the human eye cornea. It is believed that early detection of the fungus could save these crops from the destructive activities of the fungus through early biocontrol measures. Therefore, the present work aimed to build a sensitive model of novel anti- antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) against the fungal cutinase 1 (CUT1) protein for early, sensitive and accurate detection. CUT1 receptor protein 2D secondary structure, model validation, and functional motifs were predicted. Subsequently, anti- AMPs were retrieved, and the HMMER algorithm was used to construct a model of the AMPs. After their structure predictions, the interaction analysis was analyzed for the CUT1 protein and the generated AMPs. The putative anti- AMPs bound the CUT1 protein very tightly, with OOB4 having the highest binding energy potential for HDock. The pyDockWeb generated high electrostatic, desolvation, and low van der Waals energies for all the AMPs against CUT1 protein, with OOB1 having the most significant interaction. The results suggested the utilization of AMPs for the timely intervention, control, and management of these crops, as mentioned earlier, to improve their agricultural productivity and reduce their economic loss and the use of HMMER for constructing models for disease detection.
PubMed: 36304265
DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2022.972529 -
Heliyon Sep 2020Evaluating the mechanism of tolerance and biotransformation Zn(II) ions by based on the different physiological was the objective of this work. The physical properties...
Evaluating the mechanism of tolerance and biotransformation Zn(II) ions by based on the different physiological was the objective of this work. The physical properties of synthesized ZnONPs was determined by UV-spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and X-ray powder diffraction. The structural and anatomical changes of in response to Zn(II) was examined by TEM and SEM. From the HPLC profile, oxalic acid by was strongly increased by about 10.5 folds in response to 200 mg/l Zn(II) comparing to control cultures. The highest biosorption potential were reported at pH 4.0 (alkali-treated biomass) and 5.0 (native biomass), at 600 mg/l Zn(II) concentration, incubation temperature 30 °C, and contact time 40 min (alkali-treated biomass) and 6 h (native biomass). From the FT-IR spectroscopy, the main functional groups implemented on this remediation were C-S stretching, C=O C=N, C-H bending, C-N stretching and N-H bending. From the EDX spectra, fungal cellular sulfur and phosphorus compounds were the mainly compartments involved on ZN(II) binding.
PubMed: 33024860
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05048