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International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2022Age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is one of the main causes of the loss of independence and physical incapacitation in the geriatric population....
Age-associated loss of skeletal muscle mass and function is one of the main causes of the loss of independence and physical incapacitation in the geriatric population. This study used the D-galactose-induced C2C12 myoblast aging model to explore whether nobiletin (Nob) could delay skeletal muscle aging and determine the associated mechanism. The results showed that Nob intervention improved mitochondrial function, increased ATP production, reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inhibited inflammation, and prevented apoptosis as well as aging. In addition, Nob improved autophagy function, removed misfolded proteins and damaged organelles, cleared ROS, reduced mitochondrial damage, and improved skeletal muscle atrophy. Moreover, our results illustrated that Nob can not only enhance mitochondrial function, but can also enhance autophagy function and the protein synthesis pathway to inhibit skeletal muscle atrophy. Therefore, Nob may be a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of age-related muscle decline.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Aged; Aging; Cellular Senescence; Flavones; Galactose; Humans; Mitochondria; Muscle, Skeletal; Muscular Atrophy; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 36233264
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911963 -
Mikrochimica Acta 2017This review (with 35 references) summarizes the various strategies used in biosensors for galactose, and their analytical performance. A brief comparison of the enzyme... (Review)
Review
This review (with 35 references) summarizes the various strategies used in biosensors for galactose, and their analytical performance. A brief comparison of the enzyme immobilization methods employed and the analytical performance characteristics of a range of galactose biosensors are first summarized in tabular form and then described in detail. Selected examples have been included to demonstrate the various applications of these biosensors to real samples. Following an introduction into the field that covers the significance of sensing galactose in various fields, the review covers biosensors based on the use of galactose oxidase, with a discussion of methods for their immobilization (via cross-linking, adsorption, covalent bonding and entrapment). This is followed by a short section on biosensors based on the use of galactose dehydrogenase. The conclusion section summarizes the state of the art and addresses current challenges. Graphical abstractFabrication of a disposable screen-printed (a) electrochemical galactose biosensor (b) for real sample analysis and a dummy biosensor
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Electrochemical Techniques; Enzymes, Immobilized; Galactose; Galactose Dehydrogenases; Galactose Oxidase; Humans
PubMed: 28979051
DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2465-z -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2020Galactofuranose is a rare form of the well-known galactose sugar, and its occurrence in numerous pathogenic micro-organisms makes the enzymes responsible for its... (Review)
Review
Galactofuranose is a rare form of the well-known galactose sugar, and its occurrence in numerous pathogenic micro-organisms makes the enzymes responsible for its biosynthesis interesting targets. Herein, we review the role of these carbohydrate-related proteins with a special emphasis on the galactofuranosidases we recently characterized as an efficient recombinant biocatalyst.
Topics: Carbohydrate Metabolism; Carbohydrates; Galactose; Humans; Hydrolases; Mannans; Sugars; Transferases
PubMed: 32423053
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103465 -
Trends in Genetics : TIG Jan 2022The Leloir galactose utilization or GAL pathway of budding yeasts, including that of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the opportunistic human pathogen... (Review)
Review
The Leloir galactose utilization or GAL pathway of budding yeasts, including that of the baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the opportunistic human pathogen Candida albicans, breaks down the sugar galactose for energy and biomass production. The GAL pathway has long served as a model system for understanding how eukaryotic metabolic pathways, including their modes of regulation, evolve. More recently, the physical linkage of the structural genes GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 in diverse budding yeast genomes has been used as a model for understanding the evolution of gene clustering. In this review, we summarize exciting recent work on three different aspects of this iconic pathway's evolution: gene cluster organization, GAL gene regulation, and the population genetics of the GAL pathway.
Topics: Galactose; Genes, Fungal; Humans; Multigene Family; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomycetales
PubMed: 34538504
DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.08.013 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. General... Aug 2021Galactose is an essential carbohydrate for cellular metabolism, as it contributes to energy production and storage in several human tissues while also being a precursor... (Review)
Review
Galactose is an essential carbohydrate for cellular metabolism, as it contributes to energy production and storage in several human tissues while also being a precursor for glycosylation. Galactosylated glycoconjugates, such as glycoproteins, keratan sulfate-containing proteoglycans and glycolipids, exert a plethora of biological functions, including structural support, cellular adhesion, intracellular signaling and many more. The biological relevance of galactose is further entailed by the number of pathogenic conditions consequent to defects in galactosylation and galactose homeostasis. The growing number of rare congenital disorders involving galactose along with its recent therapeutical applications are drawing increasing attention to galactose metabolism. In this review, we aim to draw a comprehensive overview of the biological functions of galactose in human cells, including its metabolism and its role in glycosylation, and to provide a systematic description of all known congenital metabolic disorders resulting from alterations of its homeostasis.
Topics: Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation; Galactose; Glycosylation; Homeostasis; Humans; Metabolic Diseases
PubMed: 33878388
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129898 -
British Medical Journal Sep 1954
Topics: Blood; Child; Galactose; Galactosemias; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Jaundice; Liver Diseases
PubMed: 13190207
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.4888.613 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Aug 1952
Topics: Child; Galactose; Galactosemias; Humans; Pediatrics
PubMed: 14953465
DOI: 10.1136/adc.27.134.341 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Galectin-10 (Gal-10) forms Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), which play a key role in the symptoms of asthma and allergies and some other diseases. Gal-10 has a...
Galectin-10 (Gal-10) forms Charcot-Leyden crystals (CLCs), which play a key role in the symptoms of asthma and allergies and some other diseases. Gal-10 has a carbohydrate-binding site; however, neither the Gal-10 dimer nor the CLCs can bind sugars. To investigate the monomer-dimer equilibrium of Gal-10, high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) was employed to separate serial dilutions of Gal-10 with and without carbohydrates. We found that both the dimerization and crystallization of Gal-10 were promoted by lactose/galactose binding. A peak position shift for the monomer was observed after treatment with either lactose or galactose, implying that the polarity of the monomer was reduced by lactose/galactose binding. Further experiments indicated that alkaline conditions of pH 8.8 mimicked the lactose/galactose-binding environment, and the time interval between monomers and dimers in the chromatogram decreased from 0.8 min to 0.4 min. Subsequently, the electrostatic potential of the Gal-10 monomers was computed. After lactose/galactose binding, the top side of the monomer shifted from negatively charged to electrically neutral, allowing it to interact with the carbohydrate-binding site of the opposing subunit during dimerization. Since lactose/galactose promotes the crystallization of Gal-10, our findings implied that dairy-free diets (free of lactose/galactose) might be beneficial to patients with CLC-related diseases.
Topics: Humans; Lactose; Galactose; Crystallization; Galectins; Binding Sites
PubMed: 36838965
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041979 -
Current Allergy and Asthma Reports Jan 2019The alpha-Gal (α-Gal) syndrome is characterized by the presence of IgE antibodies directed at the carbohydrate galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). In this article,... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The alpha-Gal (α-Gal) syndrome is characterized by the presence of IgE antibodies directed at the carbohydrate galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (α-Gal). In this article, we review the presence of α-Gal in food and non-food sources; we discuss the evolutionary context of the antibody response to α-Gal and highlight immune responses to α-Gal and other carbohydrates.
RECENT FINDINGS
IgE antibodies have been associated with delayed allergy to red meat. In addition to food, drugs, and other products of animal origin are increasingly perceived as a risk for patients sensitized to α-Gal. The link between tick bites and anti-α-Gal IgE-antibody production that has been established first by epidemiological studies has now been confirmed in mouse models. The anti-α-Gal immune response is complex and characterized by a unique feature. IgM and IgG antibodies have been found to confer protection against pathogens whereas the IgE-response to α-Gal is detrimental and causes severe reactions upon exposure to mammalian meat and other products.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Food Hypersensitivity; Galactose; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Mice; Red Meat
PubMed: 30673913
DOI: 10.1007/s11882-019-0835-9 -
BMC Molecular and Cell Biology Aug 2023Age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis, is the result of auditory system degeneration. Numerous studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and...
BACKGROUND
Age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis, is the result of auditory system degeneration. Numerous studies have suggested that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial oxidative damage play important roles in the occurrence and progression of aging. The D-galactose (D-gal)-induced aging model is well known and widely utilized in aging research. Our previous studies demonstrate that administration of D-gal causes mitochondrial oxidative damage and causes subsequent dysfunction in the cochlear ribbon synapses, which in turn leads to hearing changes and early stage presbycusis. Stria vascularis (SV) cells are vital for hearing function. However, it is unclear to what extent D-gal induces oxidative damage and apoptosis in the cochlear SV of mice. In addition, the source of the causative ROS in the cochlear SV has not been fully investigated.
METHODS
In this study, we investigated ROS generation in the cochlear SV of mice treated with D-gal. Hearing function was measured using the auditory brainstem response (ABR). Immunofluorescence was used to examine apoptosis and oxidative damage. Transmission electron microscopy was also used to investigate the mitochondrial ultrastructure. DNA fragmentation was determined using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP were also measured.
RESULTS
We found that D-gal-treated mice exhibited a significant shift in the mean amplitude and latency of the ABR; a remarkable increase in the levels of NADPH oxidase (NOX-2), Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and cleaved caspase-3 (c-Cas3) was observed, as well as an increase in the number of TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the SV of mice. Both the expression of the DNA oxidative damage biomarker 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and a commonly occurring mitochondrial DNA deletion were markedly elevated in the SV of mice that had been treated with D-gal to induce aging. Conversely, the ATP level and MMP were significantly reduced in D-gal-induced aging mice. We also found alterations in the mitochondrial ultrastructure in the SV of aging mice, which include swollen and distorted mitochondrial shape, shortened and thickened microvilli, and the accumulation of lysosomes in the SV.
CONCLUSION
Our findings suggest that the impairment of cochlear SV during presbycusis may be caused by mitochondrial oxidative damage and subsequent apoptosis.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Stria Vascularis; Galactose; Reactive Oxygen Species; Presbycusis; Oxidative Stress; Apoptosis; Adenosine Triphosphate
PubMed: 37605129
DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00480-7