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Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... May 2019The size of the liver of terrestrial mammals obeys the allometric scaling law over a weight range of >3 ∗ 10. Since scaling reflects adaptive changes in size or... (Review)
Review
The size of the liver of terrestrial mammals obeys the allometric scaling law over a weight range of >3 ∗ 10. Since scaling reflects adaptive changes in size or scale among otherwise similar animals, we can expect to observe more similarities than differences between rodent and human livers. Obvious differences, such as the presence (rodents) or absence (humans) of lobation and the presence (mice, humans) or absence (rats) of a gallbladder, suggest qualitative differences between the livers of these species. After review, however, we conclude that these dissimilarities represent relatively small quantitative differences. The microarchitecture of the liver is very similar among mammalian species and best represented by the lobular concept, with the biggest difference present in the degree of connective tissue development in the portal tracts. Although larger mammals have larger lobules, increasing size of the liver is mainly accomplished by increasing the number of lobules. The increasing role of the hepatic artery in lobular perfusion of larger species is, perhaps, the most important and least known difference between small and large livers, because it profoundly affects not only interventions like liver transplantations, but also calculations of liver function.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Gallbladder; Humans; Liver; Rodentia
PubMed: 29842921
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.05.019 -
The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology... Sep 2022Gallbladder polyps are rare lesions protruding into the gallbladder lumen with variable clinical presentation. No standard treatment algorithm has been developed for...
BACKGROUND
Gallbladder polyps are rare lesions protruding into the gallbladder lumen with variable clinical presentation. No standard treatment algorithm has been developed for pediatric gallbladders, and the malignant potential of the gallbladder is not clear in children. Therefore, a retrospective study was performed to evaluate the clinical features and treatment options of gallbladder polyps in children.
METHODS
Between 2014 and 2020, children diagnosed with gallbladder polyps were evaluated for age, gender, clinical features, results of follow-up with ultrasound findings, and treatment options retrospectively.
RESULTS
The records of 15 patients with a mean age of 13.2 years (2-20 years) were included. The male: female ratio was 7 : 8. Gallbladder polyps was detected incidentally in 73.3% (n = 11) of the patients. Four (20%) of the patients were symptomatic (26.7%) and complained about abdominal pain. Laboratory tests were normal except in 3 patients who showed slightly increased liver function tests. Two of the patients had 3 polyps on admission. The polyps were 2-10 mm in size. The size of the polyp increased in 5 patients (33.3%) and disappeared in 4 patients (26.6%) in follow-up ultrasound examinations. Five of the patients underwent cholecystectomy and 1 of them was scheduled for surgery. Five of the asymptomatic patients who have polyps less than 10 mm in size are still on follow-up. In patients with cholecystectomy, the histopathology of gallbladders revealed cholesterol polyps (n = 2) and hyperplastic polyps (n = 2). One of the patients with cholecystectomy showed no polyps in histopathological evaluation.
CONCLUSION
Despite the lack of a standardized algorithm, our data suggested that multiple polyps, polyps with increased in size or greater than 10 mm, and the presence of symptoms might require cholecystectomy in children. Asymptomatic patients with small-sized polyps can be identified using ultrasound, and the polyps may disappear during the subsequent follow-up.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Cholesterol; Female; Gallbladder; Gallbladder Diseases; Gallbladder Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Polyps; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35946883
DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2022.21944 -
Journal of Medical Ultrasonics (2001) Apr 2021Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has excellent spatial resolution and allows more detailed examination than abdominal ultrasonography (US) in terms of qualitative... (Review)
Review
Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has excellent spatial resolution and allows more detailed examination than abdominal ultrasonography (US) in terms of qualitative diagnosis of tumors and evaluation of tumor invasion depth. To understand the role of EUS in gallbladder disease, we need to understand the normal gallbladder wall structure and how to visualize it on EUS. In addition, gallbladder lesions can be classified into two broad categories: protuberant and wall-thickening lesions. Here, the features on EUS were outlined. We also outlined the current status of EUS-FNA for gallbladder lesions as there have been scattered reports of EUS-FNA in recent years.
Topics: Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Fine Needle Aspiration; Endosonography; Gallbladder; Gallbladder Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 32661803
DOI: 10.1007/s10396-020-01030-w -
Polski Przeglad Chirurgiczny Nov 2019Mesenchymal tumors of the gallbladder are rarely encountered in clinical practice. The Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) of the gallbladder is rarely encountered.... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Mesenchymal tumors of the gallbladder are rarely encountered in clinical practice. The Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) of the gallbladder is rarely encountered. These tumors most commonly arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), the pacemakers of the intestinal system. There can be benign as well as malignant forms of GIST. The literature on GIST arising from the gallbladder wall is limited to a few case reports only. In extensive search of the indexed literature, only 9 cases of gallbladder GIST were retrieved. Based on the available literature these tumors are commonly found in females. They usually present with hypochondrial pain with or without other features of cholangitis. These tumors are usually malignant and warrant a radical surgical excision. The data on postoperative adjuvant therapy and survival is limited. The authors presented a review of the available literature on this rare pathology.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Gallbladder; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Interstitial Cells of Cajal; Male; Middle Aged; Sex Factors
PubMed: 32312926
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0013.5550 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jan 2024
Topics: Humans; Gallbladder; Cholecystectomy; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; Abdomen; Drainage
PubMed: 37164663
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.1872-23 -
Acta Histochemica Sep 2016The hormone leptin is produced by mature adipocytes and plays an important role in regulating food intake and energy metabolism through its interaction with the leptin...
The hormone leptin is produced by mature adipocytes and plays an important role in regulating food intake and energy metabolism through its interaction with the leptin receptor. In addition to roles in obesity and obesity-related diseases, leptin has been reported to affect the components and secretion of bile in leptin-deficient mice. Furthermore, gallbladder diseases such as cholelithiasis are known to be associated with serum leptin concentrations in humans. We hypothesized that the canine gallbladder is a source of leptin and that the leptin receptor may be localized in the gallbladder, where it plays a role in regulating the function of this organ. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence and expression patterns of leptin and its receptors in normal canine gallbladders using reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Clinically normal gallbladder tissue samples were obtained from four healthy beagle dogs with similar body condition scores. RT-PCR and sequencing of the amplified PCR products revealed the presence of leptin mRNA and its receptors in the gallbladder. Immunohistochemical investigations demonstrated the expression of leptin and its receptors in the luminal single columnar and tubuloalveolar glandular epithelial cells. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated the presence of leptin and its receptors in the gallbladders of dogs. Leptin and its receptor were both localized throughout the cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelial cells. These results suggested that the gallbladder is not only a source of leptin, but also a target of leptin though autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. The results of this study could increase the understanding of both the normal physiological functions of the gallbladder and the pathophysiological mechanisms of gallbladder diseases characterized by leptin system dysfunction.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Gallbladder; Immunohistochemistry; Leptin; Obesity; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Leptin
PubMed: 27660197
DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2016.09.002 -
BMJ Case Reports Jan 2021
Topics: Adenoma, Liver Cell; Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; Female; Gallbladder; Humans; Liver Neoplasms; Middle Aged
PubMed: 33462065
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-240056 -
Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology :... Jun 2011Fetal gallbladder non-visualization on prenatal ultrasound in the second trimester is uncommon and in most cases the gallbladder is detected eventually. Associations of... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Fetal gallbladder non-visualization on prenatal ultrasound in the second trimester is uncommon and in most cases the gallbladder is detected eventually. Associations of gallbladder non-visualization with cystic fibrosis, aneuploidy, agenesis of the gallbladder and biliary atresia have been reported. We present our experience and review the literature.
METHODS
During the study period from January 2004 to June 2009 we collected prospectively cases of non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder in the second trimester. In each case the fetus was evaluated by two examiners on at least two occasions, at least a week apart. Cases with no additional sonographic malformations were designated as isolated. Further evaluation included follow-up scans and a meticulous search for fetal anomalies. All patients were offered genetic consultation. Cystic fibrosis testing, amniocentesis for karyotyping and analysis of fetal digestive enzymes in the amniotic fluid were offered.
RESULTS
We collected 21 cases of non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder, 16 of which were isolated and five of which had additional malformations. In four of these five, the associated anomalies were severe and the pregnancies were terminated for aneuploidy (two cases of trisomy 18 and one triploidy) or for the severity of the associated anomalies. Associated anomalies included left isomerism with complex cardiac anomaly and intrauterine growth restriction with multisystem anomalies. The fifth fetus had interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation without other anomalies and the child was alive and well at the age of 4 years. In 15 of the 16 isolated cases, antenatal and postnatal development were normal at the last follow-up, ranging from 4 months to 2.5 years. One case of cystic fibrosis was diagnosed prenatally and this pregnancy was terminated. There were no diagnoses of abnormal karyotype or biliary atresia among cases of isolated non-visualization of the gallbladder.
CONCLUSIONS
When prenatal non-visualization of the fetal gallbladder is associated with other severe malformation, aneuploidy should be suspected. When it is isolated, if cystic fibrosis is ruled out, the outcome is good.
Topics: Amniocentesis; Cystic Fibrosis; Female; Gallbladder; Gestational Age; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Karyotyping; Male; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Pregnancy Trimester, Second; Prospective Studies; Ultrasonography, Prenatal; gamma-Glutamyltransferase
PubMed: 20981875
DOI: 10.1002/uog.8861 -
International Surgery 2014Duplication of the gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system with the incidence of 1 in 3800. A 38-year-old woman visited our patient clinic for...
Duplication of the gallbladder is a rare congenital anomaly of the biliary system with the incidence of 1 in 3800. A 38-year-old woman visited our patient clinic for evaluation of wall thickening of the gallbladder, detected by abdominal ultrasonography during a regular medical checkup. Drip infusion cholecystocholangiography-computed tomography revealed Y-shaped duplicated gallbladders.
Topics: Adult; Cholangiography; Female; Gallbladder; Humans; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 24444274
DOI: 10.9738/INTSURG-D-13-00036.1 -
RoFo : Fortschritte Auf Dem Gebiete Der... Aug 2021Gallbladder perforation is a very rare finding in children. Clinical and radiografic presentations are often vague. Hence it is a challenging diagnosis, often missed... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Gallbladder perforation is a very rare finding in children. Clinical and radiografic presentations are often vague. Hence it is a challenging diagnosis, often missed during initial evaluation with potentially fatal consequences. The aim of this case report and review was to identify factors that might help to diagnose and manage future cases.
METHODS
We present a case of gallbladder perforation in an 8-year-old child after blunt abdominal trauma caused by a handlebar in which imaging modalities such as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) helped us to determine proper management. We identified and evaluated comparable cases for isolated traumatic gallbladder injury. A review of the recent literature was performed by online search in Pubmed and Google Scholar using "gallbladder injury in children", "gallbladder perforation children", "blunt abdominal trauma children" as keywords. We focused on articles exclusively in the pediatric section. The literature from the period 2000-2020 was taken into account to review the state of the art in diagnosis and management.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
Recent literature for gallbladder injury in pediatrics is sparse compared to the adult counterpart. Only eight published cases of isolated gallbladder injury in children were identified. Since the onset of symptoms may not develop acutely and often develops in an indistinct manner, radiografic examinations play an important role in the diagnostic progress. The authors advise caution in cases of blunt abdominal trauma especially involving handlebars, intraperitoneal free fluid, and severe abdominal pain. We advocate high suspicion of gallbladder perforation if the gallbladder wall displays discontinuation or cannot be definitively differentiated in sonografic examination. Echogenic fluid within the gallbladder should always lead to suspicion of intraluminal bleeding. Repeated clinical and imaging examinations are mandatory since the onset of signs and symptoms may be delayed.
KEY POINTS
· Awareness of gallbladder perforation in blunt abdominal trauma of the upper abdomen.. · Particularly high index of suspicion in cases involving handlebar injuries.. · Repeated clinical and imaging examinations are highly recommended..
CITATION FORMAT
· Le MT, Herrmann J, Groth M et al. Traumatic Gallbladder Perforation in Children - Case Report and Review. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 889 - 897.
Topics: Abdominal Injuries; Child; Gallbladder; Humans; Rupture; Ultrasonography; Wounds, Nonpenetrating
PubMed: 33535261
DOI: 10.1055/a-1339-1904