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Nature Reviews. Gastroenterology &... Dec 2018Inflammasome signalling is an emerging pillar of innate immunity and has a central role in the regulation of gastrointestinal health and disease. Activation of the... (Review)
Review
Inflammasome signalling is an emerging pillar of innate immunity and has a central role in the regulation of gastrointestinal health and disease. Activation of the inflammasome complex mediates both the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 and the execution of a form of inflammatory cell death known as pyroptosis. In most cases, these mediators of inflammation provide protection against bacterial, viral and protozoal infections. However, unchecked inflammasome activities perpetuate chronic inflammation, which underpins the molecular and pathophysiological basis of gastritis, IBD, upper and lower gastrointestinal cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and obesity. Studies have also highlighted an inflammasome signature in the maintenance of gut microbiota and gut-brain homeostasis. Harnessing the immunomodulatory properties of the inflammasome could transform clinical practice in the treatment of acute and chronic gastrointestinal and extragastrointestinal diseases. This Review presents an overview of inflammasome biology in gastrointestinal health and disease and describes the value of experimental and pharmacological intervention in the treatment of inflammasome-associated clinical manifestations.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Tract; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammasomes
PubMed: 30185915
DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0054-1 -
Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology :... 2021Tuberculosis (TB) once considered a disease of the developing world is infrequent in the developing world too. Its worldwide prevalence with a huge impact on the... (Review)
Review
Tuberculosis (TB) once considered a disease of the developing world is infrequent in the developing world too. Its worldwide prevalence with a huge impact on the healthcare system both in economic and health terms has prompted the World Health Organization to make it a top priority infectious disease. Tuberculous infection of the pulmonary system is the most common form of this disease, however, extrapulmonary TB is being increasingly recognized and more often seen in immunocompromised situations. Gastrointestinal TB is a leading extrapulmonary TB manifestation that can defy diagnosis. Overlap of symptoms with other gastrointestinal diseases and limited accuracy of diagnostic tests demands more awareness of this disease. Untreated gastrointestinal TB can cause significant morbidity leading to prolonged hospitalization and surgery. Prompt diagnosis with early initiation of therapy can avoid this. This timely review discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, current diagnostic tools and therapy.
Topics: Humans; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Prevalence; Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal
PubMed: 34213424
DOI: 10.4103/sjg.sjg_148_21 -
Nature Protocols Dec 2013It is useful to be able to grow enriched populations of stem cells in vitro. Growth of stem cells as tissue spheroids is a key methodology permitting sustainable culture...
It is useful to be able to grow enriched populations of stem cells in vitro. Growth of stem cells as tissue spheroids is a key methodology permitting sustainable culture of adult epithelial cells. Gastrointestinal stem cells can be propagated by using conditioned medium from a supportive cell line (L-WRN). This protocol describes how to prepare conditioned medium and how to culture stem cell-enriched epithelial spheroids from the mouse gastrointestine. These spheroids are also amenable to genetic modification with recombinant lentiviruses. This system enables many types of cell biological assays that have been performed with immortalized cell lines to be applied to spheroids. Isolation of epithelial cell units from mice takes up to 2 h, and stem cell-enriched gastrointestinal spheroids are obtained within 3 d. Genetically modified spheroids with lentiviruses can be obtained in 2 weeks.
Topics: Animals; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Line; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Spheroids, Cellular; Stem Cells
PubMed: 24232249
DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2013.153 -
Gastroenterology Feb 2018Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can damage the gastrointestinal tract, causing widespread morbidity and mortality. Although mechanisms of damage involve... (Review)
Review
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can damage the gastrointestinal tract, causing widespread morbidity and mortality. Although mechanisms of damage involve the activities of prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1 (PTGS1 or cyclooxygenase [COX] 1) and PTGS1 (COX2), other factors are involved. We review the mechanisms of gastrointestinal damage induction by NSAIDs via COX-mediated and COX-independent processes. NSAIDs interact with phospholipids and uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, which initiates biochemical changes that impair function of the gastrointestinal barrier. The resulting increase in intestinal permeability leads to low-grade inflammation. NSAID inhibition of COX enzymes, along with luminal aggressors, results in erosions and ulcers, with potential complications of bleeding, protein loss, stricture formation, and perforation. We propose a model for NSAID-induced damage to the gastrointestinal tract that includes these complex, interacting, and inter-dependent factors. This model highlights the obstacles for the development of safer NSAIDs.
Topics: Animals; Cyclooxygenase 1; Cyclooxygenase 2; Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Helicobacter pylori; Humans; Mitochondria; Oxidative Phosphorylation; Phospholipids; Prostaglandins
PubMed: 29221664
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.049 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2023Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which has caused serious challenges for public health systems worldwide.
LITERATURE REVIEW
SARS-CoV-2 invades not only the respiratory system, but also the digestive system, causing a variety of gastrointestinal diseases.
SIGNIFICANCE
Understanding the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, and the damage mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 to the gastrointestinal tracts and gastrointestinal glands are crucial to treating the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2.
CONCLUSION
This review summarizes the gastrointestinal diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2, including gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, gastrointestinal ulcer diseases, gastrointestinal bleeding, and gastrointestinal thrombotic diseases, etc. Furthermore, the mechanisms of gastrointestinal injury induced by SARS-COV-2 were analyzed and summarized, and the suggestions for drug prevention and treatment were put forward for the reference of clinical workers.
PubMed: 37323898
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1177741 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Feb 2011Gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal site involved by lymphoma with the majority being non-Hodgkin type. Although lymphoma can involve any part of the... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal site involved by lymphoma with the majority being non-Hodgkin type. Although lymphoma can involve any part of the gastrointestinal tract, the most frequent sites in order of its occurrence are the stomach followed by small intestine and ileocecal region. Gastrointestinal tract lymphoma is usually secondary to the widespread nodal diseases and primary gastrointestinal tract lymphoma is relatively rare. Gastrointestinal lymphomas are usually not clinically specific and indistinguishable from other benign and malignant conditions. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common pathological type of gastrointestinal lymphoma in essentially all sites of the gastrointestinal tract, although recently the frequency of other forms has also increased in certain regions of the world. Although some radiological features such as bulky lymph nodes and maintenance of fat plane are more suggestive of lymphoma, they are not specific, thus mandating histopathological analysis for its definitive diagnosis. There has been a tremendous leap in the diagnosis, staging and management of gastrointestinal lymphoma in the last two decades attributed to a better insight into its etiology and molecular aspect as well as the knowledge about its critical signaling pathways.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Radiotherapy; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21390139
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i6.697 -
Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2016Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (TB) is a fascinating disease which can be observed both in the clinical context of active pulmonary disease and as a primary infection... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal tuberculosis (TB) is a fascinating disease which can be observed both in the clinical context of active pulmonary disease and as a primary infection with no pulmonary involvement. It represents a significant clinical challenge because of the resurgence of TB as well as the diagnostic challenges it poses. A high clinical suspicion remains the most powerful tool in an era of medicine when reliance on diagnostic technology increases. Antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay of therapy, but surgical and endoscopic interventions are frequently required for intestinal TB. Gastrointestinal TB is truly the "great mimic" and continues to require the astute clinical acumen of skillful clinicians to diagnose and treat.
Topics: Antitubercular Agents; Humans; Surgical Procedures, Operative; Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal
PubMed: 28084201
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.TNMI7-0014-2016 -
Gastroenterology Clinics of North... Sep 2020
Topics: Diagnostic Techniques, Digestive System; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Motility; Humans
PubMed: 32718576
DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2020.06.001 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Oct 2018Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a subtype of sarcoma that may occur in any part of the gastrointestinal system, most frequently in the stomach and small... (Review)
Review
Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is a subtype of sarcoma that may occur in any part of the gastrointestinal system, most frequently in the stomach and small intestine. The most common symptoms are bleeding and abdominal pain. In this clinical review, we summarise the progress made with this condition and discuss the recommended diagnostics and treatment of GIST.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Combined Modality Therapy; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors; Humans; Imatinib Mesylate; Mutation; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 30277049
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.18.0200