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Psychiatria Danubina Oct 2023Gender dysphoria (GD) describes individuals for whom the native sex and expressed gender are not coincident and most of them self-identify as transgender women or men.... (Review)
Review
Gender dysphoria (GD) describes individuals for whom the native sex and expressed gender are not coincident and most of them self-identify as transgender women or men. It has been shown that genetic factors play an important role in GD and the presence of specific genetic variants in candidate genes could be correlated. On the other hand, twins studies have estimated its heritability. In this review, we collect and report the available data obtained by different molecular genetic studies.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; DNA
PubMed: 37800223
DOI: No ID Found -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Nov 2020Human gender-related behavior/psychology is shaped by a developmental system that involves numerous influences interacting over time. Understanding of the full range of... (Review)
Review
Human gender-related behavior/psychology is shaped by a developmental system that involves numerous influences interacting over time. Understanding of the full range of elements in the system and how they interact is currently incomplete. The available evidence suggests, however, that early exposure to testosterone, postnatal socialization, e.g., by parents and peers, and self-socialization related to cognitive understanding of gender are important elements. This article focuses on prenatal and early neonatal influences of testosterone on gender-related psychological/behavioral outcomes, and contextualizes these hormonal influences within an understanding of socialization influences. There is consistent evidence that early testosterone exposure influences childhood gender role behavior, including sex-typical toy play, as well as gender identity and sexual orientation. Evidence for similar hormonal influences on spatial ability and on traits related to autism, or autistic spectrum disorder, is inconsistent. Evidence from girls exposed to elevated testosterone prenatally suggests that they experience alterations in processes of external socialization, as well as self-socialization, and that these, along with early testosterone exposure, shape gender-related outcomes.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Parents; Pregnancy; Sexual Behavior; Testosterone
PubMed: 32707345
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.018 -
Archives of Sexual Behavior Jul 2023Gender transition is undertaken to improve the well-being of people suffering from gender dysphoria. However, some have argued that the evidence supporting medical...
Gender transition is undertaken to improve the well-being of people suffering from gender dysphoria. However, some have argued that the evidence supporting medical interventions for gender transition (e.g., hormonal therapies and surgery) is weak and inconclusive, and an increasing number of people have come forward recently to share their experiences of transition regret and detransition. In this essay, I discuss emerging clinical and research issues related to transition regret and detransition with the aim of arming clinicians with the latest information so they can support patients navigating the challenges of regret and detransition. I begin by describing recent changes in the epidemiology of gender dysphoria, conceptualization of transgender identification, and models of care. I then discuss the potential impact of these changes on regret and detransition; the prevalence of desistance, regret, and detransition; reasons for detransition; and medical and mental healthcare needs of detransitioners. Although recent data have shed light on a complex range of experiences that lead people to detransition, research remains very much in its infancy. Little is known about the medical and mental healthcare needs of these patients, and there is currently no guidance on best practices for clinicians involved in their care. Moreover, the term detransition can hold a wide array of possible meanings for transgender-identifying people, detransitioners, and researchers, leading to inconsistences in its usage. Moving forward, minimizing harm will require conducting robust research, challenging fundamental assumptions, scrutinizing of practice patterns, and embracing debate.
Topics: Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism; Gender Identity; Uncertainty; Gender Dysphoria; Emotions
PubMed: 37266795
DOI: 10.1007/s10508-023-02626-2 -
Pediatric Annals Sep 2021
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Gender Identity; Health Services for Transgender Persons; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 34542336
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20210818-04 -
Journal of Bioethical Inquiry Jun 2022Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be...
Transgender healthcare faces a dilemma. On the one hand, access to certain medical interventions, including hormone treatments or surgeries, where desired, may be beneficial or even vital for some gender dysphoric trans people. But on the other hand, access to medical interventions typically requires a diagnosis, which, in turn, seems to imply the existence of a pathological state-something that many transgender people reject as a false and stigmatizing characterization of their experience or identity. In this paper we argue that developments from the human enhancement debate can help clarify or resolve some of the conceptual and ethical entanglements arising from the apparent conflict between seeking medicine while not necessarily suffering from a pathology or disorder. Specifically, we focus on the welfarist account of human enhancement and argue it can provide a useful conceptual framework for thinking about some of the more contentious disagreements about access to transgender healthcare services.
Topics: Gender Identity; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 35129785
DOI: 10.1007/s11673-021-10163-7 -
Psychiatria Polska Dec 2018The aim of this paper is to present actual knowledge on how do people with schizophrenia experience themselves in the context of gender and how it affects their... (Review)
Review
The aim of this paper is to present actual knowledge on how do people with schizophrenia experience themselves in the context of gender and how it affects their functioning. A review of the literature available in PubMed, PsycNET and Google Scholar was performed accordingly. Study of gender identity issues in schizophrenia should take into account both the personal and social dimensions of patients' functioning. The research on the core gender identity poses numerous difficulties and has not yet provided reliable conclusions. Some indications allow to assume higher than in the general population incidence of gender dysphoria among people with schizophrenia and a higher incidence of schizoid and schizotypal traits among people with gender dysphoria. Some patients experience positive symptoms regarding sex change. The data on the gender roles in schizophrenia patients show that they differ from the general population in terms of typically female and male characteristics. This may cause adaptive difficulties and negatively influence social interactions, especially in males who suffer from this illness. To sum up, published reports indicate specific difficulties in relation to gender identity among people with schizophrenia.
Topics: Adult; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Schizophrenia; Schizophrenic Psychology; Sex Factors; Social Adjustment; Transsexualism
PubMed: 30659565
DOI: 10.12740/PP/80958 -
Perspectives on Psychological Science :... Mar 2023Opposition to gender-affirmative approaches to care for transgender youths by some clinicians has recently begun to consolidate around "gender exploratory therapy" as a...
Opposition to gender-affirmative approaches to care for transgender youths by some clinicians has recently begun to consolidate around "gender exploratory therapy" as a proposed alternative. Whereas gender-affirmative approaches follow the client's lead when it comes to gender, gender-exploratory therapy discourages gender affirmation in favor of exploring through talk therapy the potential pathological roots of youths' trans identities or gender dysphoria. Few detailed descriptions of the approach's parameters have been offered. In this article, I invite clinicians to reflect on gender-exploratory therapy through a series of questions. The questions are followed by an exploration of the strong conceptual and narrative similarities between gender-exploratory therapy and conversion practices. Finally, the ethical dimensions of gender-exploratory therapy are discussed from the lenses of therapeutic neutrality, patient-centered care, loving attention, and therapeutic alliance, suggesting that the approach may be unethical.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Transsexualism; Gender Dysphoria
PubMed: 36068009
DOI: 10.1177/17456916221102325 -
Ambio Dec 2016The main goal of this special issue is to offer a room for interdisciplinary and engaged research in global environmental change (GEC), where gender plays a key role in...
The main goal of this special issue is to offer a room for interdisciplinary and engaged research in global environmental change (GEC), where gender plays a key role in building resilience and adaptation pathways. In this editorial paper, we explain the background setting, key questions and core approaches of gender and feminist research in vulnerability, resilience and adaptation to GEC. Highlighting the interlinkages between gender and GEC, we introduce the main contributions of the collection of 11 papers in this special issue. Nine empirical papers from around the globe allow to understand how gendered diversity in knowledge, institutions and everyday practices matters in producing barriers and options for achieving resilience and adaptive capacity in societies. Additionally, two papers contribute to the theoretical debate through a systematic review and an insight on the relevance of intersectional framings within GEC research and development programming.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Climate Change; Environment; Feminism; Gender Identity; Humans; Research
PubMed: 27878533
DOI: 10.1007/s13280-016-0842-1 -
Zeitschrift Fur Kinder- Und... 2020Gender identities in transition In recent years, the healthcare system has been confronted with an increasing number of children and adolescents with gender... (Review)
Review
Gender identities in transition In recent years, the healthcare system has been confronted with an increasing number of children and adolescents with gender nonconformity, gender incongruence, and gender dysphoria. Medical professionals are still debating how to interpret this phenomenon and how best to meet the healthcare needs of this diverse group of young people. Meanwhile, the transgender and gender nonconforming youths themselves face enormous challenges in finding appropriate support and treatment in the mental healthcare system. This article reviews the available epidemiological data, the paradigm shift in the social, legal, and medical systems, the developments in diagnostic classifications (DSM-5, ICD-11) as well as important aspects of the AWMF S3 guideline for adults with gender incongruence and gender dysphoria. In addition, it describes the complexity of working with transgender, gender nonconforming, and gender-questioning youth in the context of the current discourse and the underlying ethical dilemmas. In conclusion, this article outlines the challenges facing child and adolescent psychiatry and psychotherapy in this complex environment.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Delivery of Health Care; Gender Dysphoria; Gender Identity; Humans; Psychotherapy; Transgender Persons; Transsexualism
PubMed: 32162593
DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000724 -
American Journal of Public Health Mar 2010
Topics: Crime; Female; Feminism; Gender Identity; Health Status Disparities; Healthcare Disparities; Human Rights; Humans; Male; Prejudice; Public Health; Sex; Sexuality; United States
PubMed: 20075304
DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2009.188169