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Virulence Apr 2017Many species of fungi have been detected in the healthy human gut; however, nearly half of all taxa reported have only been found in one sample or one study. Fungi... (Review)
Review
Many species of fungi have been detected in the healthy human gut; however, nearly half of all taxa reported have only been found in one sample or one study. Fungi capable of growing in and colonizing the gut are limited to a small number of species, mostly Candida yeasts and yeasts in the family Dipodascaceae (Galactomyces, Geotrichum, Saprochaete). Malassezia and the filamentous fungus Cladosporium are potential colonizers; more work is needed to clarify their role. Other commonly-detected fungi come from the diet or environment but either cannot or do not colonize (Penicillium and Debaryomyces species, which are common on fermented foods but cannot grow at human body temperature), while still others have dietary or environmental sources (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a fermentation agent and sometime probiotic; Aspergillus species, ubiquitous molds) yet are likely to impact gut ecology. The gut mycobiome appears less stable than the bacterial microbiome, and is likely subject to environmental factors.
Topics: Diet; Environmental Exposure; Fungi; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Microbiota; Mycobiome
PubMed: 27736307
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1247140 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2014The mortality associated with invasive fungal infections remains high with that involving rare yeast pathogens other than Candida being no exception. This is in part due...
The mortality associated with invasive fungal infections remains high with that involving rare yeast pathogens other than Candida being no exception. This is in part due to the severe underlying conditions typically predisposing patients to these healthcare-related infections (most often severe neutropenia in patients with haematological malignancies), and in part due to the often challenging intrinsic susceptibility pattern of the pathogens that potentially leads to delayed appropriate antifungal treatment. A panel of experts of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Fungal Infection Study Group (EFISG) and the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) undertook a data review and compiled guidelines for the diagnostic tests and procedures for detection and management of rare invasive yeast infections. The rare yeast pathogens were defined and limited to the following genera/species: Cryptococcus adeliensis, Cryptococcus albidus, Cryptococcus curvatus, Cryptococcus flavescens, Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus uniguttulatus (often published under the name Filobasidium uniguttulatum), Malassezia furfur, Malassezia globosa, Malassezia pachydermatis and Malassezia restricta, Pseudozyma spp., Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula minuta and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, Sporobolomyces spp., Trichosporon asahii, Trichosporon asteroides, Trichosporon dermatis, Trichosporon inkin, Trichosporon jirovecii, Trichosporon loubieri, Trichosporon mucoides and Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans and ascomycetous ones: Geotrichum candidum, Kodamaea ohmeri, Saccharomyces cerevisiae (incl. S. boulardii) and Saprochaete capitatae (Magnusiomyces (Blastoschizomyces) capitatus formerly named Trichosporon capitatum or Geotrichum (Dipodascus) capitatum) and Saprochaete clavata. Recommendations about the microbiological investigation and detection of invasive infection were made and current knowledge on the most appropriate antifungal and supportive treatment was reviewed. In addition, remarks about antifungal susceptibility testing were made.
Topics: Humans; Mycoses; Rare Diseases
PubMed: 24102785
DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12360 -
Toxins Aug 2019Citrus are vulnerable to the postharvest decay caused by , , and , which are responsible for the green mold, blue mold, and sour rot post-harvest disease, respectively.... (Review)
Review
Citrus are vulnerable to the postharvest decay caused by , , and , which are responsible for the green mold, blue mold, and sour rot post-harvest disease, respectively. The widespread economic losses in citriculture caused by these phytopathogens are minimized with the use of synthetic fungicides such as imazalil, thiabendazole, pyrimethanil, and fludioxonil, which are mainly employed as control agents and may have harmful effects on human health and environment. To date, numerous non-chemical postharvest treatments have been investigated for the control of these pathogens. Several studies demonstrated that biological control using microbial antagonists and natural products can be effective in controlling postharvest diseases in citrus, as well as the most used commercial fungicides. Therefore, microbial agents represent a considerably safer and low toxicity alternative to synthetic fungicides. In the present review, these biological control strategies as alternative to the chemical fungicides are summarized here and new challenges regarding the development of shelf-stable formulated biocontrol products are also discussed.
Topics: Citrus; Fungicides, Industrial; Geotrichum; Penicillium; Pest Control, Biological
PubMed: 31390769
DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080460 -
AIMS Microbiology 2021Yeasts constitute an important part of cheeses, and especially the artisanal ones. The current study reviews the occurrence of yeasts in different cheese varieties and... (Review)
Review
Yeasts constitute an important part of cheeses, and especially the artisanal ones. The current study reviews the occurrence of yeasts in different cheese varieties and the role of yeasts in cheesemaking process. The use of molecular methods for identification and strain typing has extended the knowledge for yeast diversity in cheeses. For the study of the occurrence of yeasts in different cheese types, seven categories are used, that is: 1) hard, 2) semi-hard, 3) soft, which includes soft pasta-filata and whey cheeses, 4) white brined cheeses, 5) mould surface ripened, 6) bacterial surface ripened cheeses, and 7) blue cheeses. For some cheese types, yeasts are the main microbial group, at least for some part of their ripening process, while for some other types, yeasts are absent. Differences between industrially manufactured cheeses and artisanal cheeses have specified. Artisanal cheeses possess a diverse assortment of yeast species, mainly belonging to the genera , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , and . The role of the yeasts for selected cheeses from the seven cheese categories is discussed.
PubMed: 35071942
DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021027 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2018Marine-derived fungus AS 2.361 was previously reported by our group as an active strain for the enantioselective reduction of ketones. Although some other strains were...
Marine-derived fungus AS 2.361 was previously reported by our group as an active strain for the enantioselective reduction of ketones. Although some other strains were also found from the terrestrial sources, information on their stability and reusability is scarce. Herein, the stabilities-in terms of pH tolerance, thermostability, and storage stability, and reusability-of AS 2.361 were described for the asymmetric reduction of a series of aromatic ketones. Two differently immobilized cells (agar immobilization and calcium alginate immobilization) as well as free cells were prepared. For three substrates (1-(3-bromophenyl) ethan-1-one (), 1-(2-chlorophenyl) ethan-1-one (), and acetophenone ()) immobilized cells on agar showed a great improvement in the bioreduction activities compared to the free cells, increasing yields up to 97% with values of 99%. Cells immobilized on agar/calcium alginate could maintain more than 90% of the original activities within the assayed pH ranges of 3.5⁻11, while free cells were highly sensitive to alkaline and acidic conditions. Concerning thermostability, immobilized cells on agar kept 99% of their original activities after incubation at 60 °C for 1 h, while almost no activity was detected for the free cells under the same condition. Immobilized cells were stable at 4 °C for 80 days without any activity loss, while free cells started to decrease the activity after storage at 4 °C for six days. The immobilized cells retained almost 99% activity after four reuse cycles, while free cells lost almost all the activities at on the third cycle.
Topics: Geotrichum; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ketones; Microbial Viability; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; Temperature
PubMed: 30150533
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092144 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Jan 2022and species are ascomycetous yeasts that can cause potentially life-threatening invasive fungal infections commonly referred to as geotrichosis. In this study, we...
and species are ascomycetous yeasts that can cause potentially life-threatening invasive fungal infections commonly referred to as geotrichosis. In this study, we aimed to estimate the incidence and mortality of these infections in a German tertiary care center. Furthermore, we evaluated the suitability of the fungal biomarkers galactomannan (GM) and β-1,3-d-glucan (BDG), which are both recommended as surrogate markers for Magnusiomyces capitatus infection by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) and the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections for detection of invasive geotrichosis. Cases meeting the inclusion criteria for invasive infection were retrospectively identified. Serum samples and culture supernatants were analyzed with two commercially available fungal antigen tests (Platelia Aspergillus Ag EIA and Wako β-glucan test). For a control cohort, outpatient samples sent for lues testing were included. Thirty-eight cases of infection were identified over an 11-year observation period. In the majority of cases, the fungus was isolated from intra-abdominal specimens of patients with a history of abdominal surgery/procedures ( = 32). All cases of fungemia occurred exclusively in haemato-oncologic patients ( = 14). Thirty-day survival was 42% in the fungemia and 43% in the intra-abdominal geotrichosis group. Serum samples were available for 23 patients (14 bloodstream and nine intra-abdominal infections). While BDG sensitivity was 65%, none of the sera was GM positive. This finding was supported by experiments analyzing fungal culture supernatants: M. capitatus secretes significant amounts of BDG but not GM. Specificity was 96% for BDG and 100% for GM. and infections are not limited to haemato-oncologic patients. Contrasting the current ESCMID/ECMM recommendation, our results indicate that GM is no suitable biomarker for the diagnosis of infection. Contrarily, BDG sensitivity is comparable to that of candidemia.
Topics: Biomarkers; Galactose; Geotrichosis; Geotrichum; Humans; Invasive Fungal Infections; Mannans; Proteoglycans; Retrospective Studies; Saccharomycetales; Sensitivity and Specificity; beta-Glucans
PubMed: 34669454
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01607-21 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Fungi make a fundamental contribution to several biotechnological processes, including brewing, winemaking, and the production of enzymes, organic acids, alcohols,... (Review)
Review
Fungi make a fundamental contribution to several biotechnological processes, including brewing, winemaking, and the production of enzymes, organic acids, alcohols, antibiotics, and pharmaceuticals. The present review explores the biotechnological importance of the filamentous yeast-like fungus , a ubiquitous species known for its use as a starter in the dairy industry. To uncover 's biotechnological role, we performed a search for related work through the scientific indexing internet services, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The following query was used: , producing about 6500 scientific papers from 2017 to 2022. From these, approximately 150 that were associated with industrial applications of were selected. Our analysis revealed that apart from its role as a starter in the dairy and brewing industries, this species has been administered as a probiotic nutritional supplement in fish, indicating improvements in developmental and immunological parameters. Strains of this species produce a plethora of biotechnologically important enzymes, including cellulases, β-glucanases, xylanases, lipases, proteases, and α-amylases. Moreover, strains that produce antimicrobial compounds and that are capable of bioremediation were identified. The findings of the present review demonstrate the importance of for agrifood- and bio-industries and provide further insights into its potential future biotechnological roles.
PubMed: 36981051
DOI: 10.3390/foods12061124 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022The aroma-producing strain of GDMCC60675 was taken as the research object, the composition of aroma-producing substances of was studied, and the target strains of...
AIM
The aroma-producing strain of GDMCC60675 was taken as the research object, the composition of aroma-producing substances of was studied, and the target strains of suitable for food additives were screened out by mutagenesis.
METHODS
Mutants were obtained by space breeding. The colony morphology and cell morphology of the mutant strain were identified, the phylogenetic tree of the two strains was constructed, and the whole-genome sequences of the wild strain and the mutant strain were compared. The aroma components and key odor compounds of the two strains were analyzed and compared by HS-SPME-GC-MS and E-nose detection, and the data were processed by using the relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis method.
RESULTS
A mutant strain of was found with different characteristics of aroma production compared with wild-type . It was found that its colony morphology and cell morphology were similar. However, it was found that the aroma-producing substances produced by the two strains were different, and the key difference compound was phenyl ethyl alcohol, which also proved that the two strains were different, and the main aroma note was different.
PubMed: 35935228
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.908329 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2022The taxonomy of the genus has been in a because of ambiguous circumscription of species-level identification based on morphotaxonomic criteria. In this study,...
The taxonomy of the genus has been in a because of ambiguous circumscription of species-level identification based on morphotaxonomic criteria. In this study, multigene phylogeny was conducted to resolve the evolutionary relationships of 88 Indian isolates based on the internal transcribed spacer region, 28S large subunit, translation elongation factor 1-alpha, RNA polymerase second largest subunit, beta-tubulin and calmodulin gene regions. species are well known to produce metabolites such as beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins. These identified isolates were subjected to fermentation in -defined media for BEA production and tested using TLC, HPLC and HRMS. Among 88 isolates studied, 50 were capable of producing BEA, which varied from 0.01 to 15.82 mg/g of biomass. NFCCI 5201 showed maximum BEA production (15.82 mg/g of biomass). The extract of . NFCCI 5201 showed promising antibacterial activity against MLS16 MTCC 2940 and MTCC 2470 with MIC of 62.5 and 15.63 µg/mL, respectively. Similarly, the . NFCCI 5201 extract in potato dextrose agar (40 µg/mL) exhibited antifungal activity in the food poison technique against plant pathogenic and other fungi, NFCCI 4327, NFCCI 4263, NFCCI 3744 and sp. NFCCI 3482, showing % inhibition of 84.31, 49.76, 38.22 and 35.13, respectively. The antibiotic effect was found to synergize when extract and amphotericin B (20 µg/mL each in potato dextrose agar) were used in combination against sp. NFCCI 2108, NFCCI 4263, NFCCI 4690 and sp. NFCCI 2716, showing % inhibition of 50.35, 79.37, 48.07 and 76.72, respectively. The extract also showed satisfactory dose-dependent DPPH radical scavenging activity with an IC value of 0.675 mg/mL. This study reveals the correct identity of the Indian isolates based on multigene phylogeny and also throws light on BEA production potential, suggesting their possible applicability in the medicine, agriculture and industry.
PubMed: 35887419
DOI: 10.3390/jof8070662 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Aug 2023Fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is rare and highly lethal. The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá reported just two cases: one in the period 2001-2007 and...
Fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is rare and highly lethal. The Instituto Nacional de Cancerología in Bogotá reported just two cases: one in the period 2001-2007 and the other in 2012-2018. This type of infection is more common in any kind of immunocompromised patients, so it can occur in those with hematological malignancies. Here we present the case of a 27-year-old man, diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in relapse and admitted with polyarthralgia for five days, febrile neutropenia, nonabscessed cellulitis, and bacteremia due to methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. The patient received therapy with oxacillin and cefepime, but the febrile neutropenia persisted. A new set of blood cultures was taken, and antifungal treatment was started because of the suspicion of invasive fungal infection. Arthroconidia were identified in blood cultures and Geotrichum spp. was confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry. The antifungal treatment was adjusted with amphotericin B deoxycholate for 14 days and voriconazole for four weeks, and after a prolonged stay, the patient was discharged. Although the incidence of fungemia caused by Geotrichum spp. is low, it must be considered in patients with hematological malignancies and persistent febrile neutropenia despite the broadspectrum antimicrobial treatment. The confirmation of fungemia causing agents, with proteomic tools such as the mentioned mass spectrometry, allows treatment adjustment and decreases complications, hospital stay, and mortality.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Geotrichosis; Fungemia; Antifungal Agents; Proteomics; Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma; Hematologic Neoplasms; Febrile Neutropenia
PubMed: 37721920
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6779