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The Chinese Journal of Dental Research Mar 2023In recent years, as the number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment has increased, so too has the number of periodontal tissue problems, particularly regarding the... (Review)
Review
In recent years, as the number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment has increased, so too has the number of periodontal tissue problems, particularly regarding the impact on periodontal tissue of receiving orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic treatment improves the occlusion and appearance of teeth by moving the teeth appropriately. These movements have a significant impact on the interactions between the teeth and periodontal tissues. Orthodontic treatment can also recover tooth alignment for patients with tooth displacement caused by periodontitis; however, orthodontic treatment also often has adverse effects on periodontal soft tissue, such as gingivitis, gingival enlargement and gingival recession. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current evidence and solid knowledge of periodontal soft tissue problems in orthodontic treatment and outline some prevention strategies.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Periodontitis; Gingival Recession; Periodontium; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 36988062
DOI: 10.3290/j.cjdr.b3978667 -
Mediators of Inflammation 2015An increase in the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy has been reported since the 1960s. Though the etiology is not fully known, it is... (Review)
Review
An increase in the prevalence and severity of gingival inflammation during pregnancy has been reported since the 1960s. Though the etiology is not fully known, it is believed that increasing plasma sex steroid hormone levels during pregnancy have a dramatic effect on the periodontium. Current works of research have shown that estrogen and progesterone increasing during pregnancy are supposed to be responsible for gingivitis progression. This review is focused not only on epidemiological studies, but also on the effects of progesterone and estrogen on the change of subgingival microbiota and immunologic physiological mediators in periodontal tissue (gingiva and periodontal ligament), which provides current information about the effects of pregnancy on gingival inflammation.
Topics: Chemotaxis; Estrogens; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications; Prevalence; Progesterone
PubMed: 25873767
DOI: 10.1155/2015/623427 -
International Journal of... Dec 2016To date, topical therapies guarantee a better delivery of high concentrations of pharmacologic agents to the soft periodontal tissue, gingiva, and periodontal ligament... (Review)
Review
To date, topical therapies guarantee a better delivery of high concentrations of pharmacologic agents to the soft periodontal tissue, gingiva, and periodontal ligament as well as to the hard tissue such as alveolar bone and cementum. Topical hyaluronic acid (HA) has recently been recognized as an adjuvant treatment for chronic inflammatory disease in addition to its use to improve healing after dental procedures. The aim of our work was to systematically review the published literature about potential effects of HA as an adjuvant treatment for chronic inflammatory disease, in addition to its use to improve healing after common dental procedures. Relevant published studies were found in PubMed, Google Scholar, and Ovid using a combined keyword search or medical subject headings. At the end of our study selection process, 25 relevant publications were included, three of them regarding gingivitis, 13 of them relating to chronic periodontitis, seven of them relating to dental surgery, including implant and sinus lift procedures, and the remaining three articles describing oral ulcers. Not only does topical administration of HA play a pivotal key role in the postoperative care of patients undergoing dental procedures, but positive results were also generally observed in all patients with chronic inflammatory gingival and periodontal disease and in patients with oral ulcers.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Dentistry; Gingivitis; Humans; Hyaluronic Acid; Inflammation; Periodontitis
PubMed: 27280412
DOI: 10.1177/0394632016652906 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2021Oral commensal bacteria actively participate with gingival tissue to maintain healthy neutrophil surveillance and normal tissue and bone turnover processes. Disruption...
Oral commensal bacteria actively participate with gingival tissue to maintain healthy neutrophil surveillance and normal tissue and bone turnover processes. Disruption of this homeostatic host-bacteria relationship occurs during experimental gingivitis studies where it has been clearly established that increases in the bacterial burden increase gingival inflammation. Here, we show that experimental gingivitis resulted in three unique clinical inflammatory phenotypes (high, low, and slow) and reveal that interleukin-1β, a reported major gingivitis-associated inflammatory mediator, was not associated with clinical gingival inflammation in the slow response group. In addition, significantly higher levels of spp. were also unique to this group. The low clinical response group was characterized by low concentrations of host mediators, despite similar bacterial accumulation and compositional characteristics as the high clinical response group. Neutrophil and bone activation modulators were down-regulated in all response groups, revealing novel tissue and bone protective responses during gingival inflammation. These alterations in chemokine and microbial composition responses during experimental gingivitis reveal a previously uncharacterized variation in the human host response to a disruption in gingival homeostasis. Understanding this human variation in gingival inflammation may facilitate the identification of periodontitis-susceptible individuals. Overall, this study underscores the variability in host responses in the human population arising from variations in host immune profiles (low responders) and microbial community maturation (slow responders) that may impact clinical outcomes in terms of destructive inflammation.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bone and Bones; Chemokines; Gingiva; Gingivitis; Homeostasis; Humans; Inflammation; Phylogeny; Time Factors; Young Adult
PubMed: 34193520
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012578118 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Sep 2020Feline chronic gingivostomatitis is a frustrating disease to manage owing to its elusive etiopathogenesis and its subsequently suboptimal treatment options.... (Review)
Review
Feline chronic gingivostomatitis is a frustrating disease to manage owing to its elusive etiopathogenesis and its subsequently suboptimal treatment options. Nevertheless, efforts to shed light on the disease over the past few decades have advanced the knowledge on its potential etiopathogenesis and the success rates of available treatment options. Further research is ongoing, with promising attempts to better understand and treat this, likely, multifactorial disease.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Chronic Disease; Gingivitis
PubMed: 32360016
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.04.002 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Aug 2019To explore the M1/M2 status of macrophage polarization from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis patient samples.
AIM
To explore the M1/M2 status of macrophage polarization from healthy, gingivitis, and periodontitis patient samples.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Gingival biopsies were collected from 42 individuals (14 gingivitis, 18 periodontitis, and 10 healthy samples) receiving periodontal therapy. Histomorphology analysis was performed with haematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunofluorescence was performed using a combination of CD68 (macrophages), iNOS (M1), and CD206 (M2) in order to acquire changes in macrophage polarization at a single-cell resolution. Macrophages were quantified under microscopy using narrow wavelength filters to detect Alexa 488, Alexa 568, Alexa 633 fluorophores, and Hoechst 33342 to identify cellular DNA content.
RESULTS
Gingivitis and periodontitis samples showed higher levels of macrophages compared with healthy samples. Unexpectedly, periodontitis samples displayed lower levels of macrophages dispersed in the stromal tissues compared with gingivitis samples; however, it remained higher than healthy tissues. The polarization of macrophages appears to be reduced in periodontitis and showed similar levels to those observed in healthy tissues.
CONCLUSIONS
Our study found that gingivitis and periodontitis differ from each other by the levels of macrophage infiltrate, but not by changes in macrophage polarization.
Topics: Gingiva; Gingivitis; Humans; Macrophages; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis
PubMed: 31152604
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13156 -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Dec 2018With the increasing number of the orthodontic patients, the relationship between periodontal and orthodontic becomes increasingly close. Orthodontic treatment can...
With the increasing number of the orthodontic patients, the relationship between periodontal and orthodontic becomes increasingly close. Orthodontic treatment can improve periodontal status, but the adverse clinical problems of periodontal tissue during orthodontic treatment are relatively common. In this paper, we discuss the problems of soft tissue, including causes, prevention, and treatment of gingivitis, gingival enlargement, gingival recession, and gingival invagination in orthodontic treatment.
Topics: Gingiva; Gingival Overgrowth; Gingival Recession; Gingivitis; Humans; Tooth Movement Techniques
PubMed: 30593102
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.06.003 -
Advances in Clinical and Experimental... Oct 2018The condition of the teeth, periodontium and oral mucosa determines directly and indirectly the general health of the organism and, therefore, requires to be monitored....
BACKGROUND
The condition of the teeth, periodontium and oral mucosa determines directly and indirectly the general health of the organism and, therefore, requires to be monitored. Childhood, especially the first years of life, is the time when proper health-promoting behaviors are formed, allowing the future prevention of such diseases as dental decay and gingivitis. Studies concerning the gingival status and bleeding in children are scarce, although such knowledge can be useful in planning preventive programs.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between oral hygiene level and the likelihood of gingival bleeding.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The examined group comprised 2,856 children aged 7 years, living in an urban area in western Poland. The hygiene status was evaluated according to the simplified Debris Index (DI-S) criteria and the periodontal status was evaluated according to the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) criteria. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of gingival bleeding.
RESULTS
The average value of DI-S was 0.91; it was not significantly different between girls and boys. In more than a half of the studied subjects (59.10%), oral hygiene was fair, in 12.46% - poor. Clinically healthy periodontium was observed in 91.32% of cases, bleeding on probing was present in 7.46% of cases. Calculus was detected in 1.22% of the children. Logistic regression analysis of the predictors of gingival bleeding showed that children with fair and poor oral hygiene were respectively 6 and 25 times more likely to show bleeding on probing compared to the children with very good oral hygiene.
CONCLUSIONS
In the studied group, it was noted that there is a need to promote oral hygiene, as it contributes to the fall in gingivitis prevalence among school children.
Topics: Child; Female; Gingivitis; Humans; Male; Oral Hygiene; Periodontal Index; Poland; Prevalence; Urban Population
PubMed: 30058781
DOI: 10.17219/acem/70417 -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Jul 2009Dental plaque has been proven to initiate and promote gingival inflammation. Histologically, various stages of gingivitis may be characterized prior to progression of a...
BACKGROUND
Dental plaque has been proven to initiate and promote gingival inflammation. Histologically, various stages of gingivitis may be characterized prior to progression of a lesion to periodontitis. Clinically, gingivitis is well recognized.
MATERIAL & METHODS
Longitudinal studies on a patient cohort of 565 middle class Norwegian males have been performed over a 26-year period to reveal the natural history of initial periodontitis in dental-minded subjects between 16 and 34 years of age at the beginning of the study.
RESULTS
Sites with consistent bleeding (GI=2) had 70% more attachment loss than sites that were consistently non-inflamed (GI=0). Teeth with sites that were consistently non-inflamed had a 50-year survival rate of 99.5%, while teeth with consistently inflamed gingivae yielded a 50-year survival rate of 63.4%.
CONCLUSION
Based on this longitudinal study on the natural history of periodontitis in a dentally well-maintained male population it can be concluded that persistent gingivitis represents a risk factor for periodontal attachment loss and for tooth loss.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dental Plaque; Disease Progression; Gingivitis; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Index; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Tooth Loss; Young Adult
PubMed: 19432625
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01415.x -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Jun 2021Periodontal disease continues to be prevalent globally, but little clinical research has been undertaken to evaluate the long-term benefits of a daily oral hygiene... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Periodontal disease continues to be prevalent globally, but little clinical research has been undertaken to evaluate the long-term benefits of a daily oral hygiene regimen on progression of gingivitis/early periodontitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an oral hygiene regimen (OHR) on the periodontal health of adults in good general health with established gingivitis and early periodontitis over 24 months.
METHODS
A randomized controlled trial was conducted in adults with established gingivitis, with isolated sites of probing pocket depth >4 mm. Study participants were randomized to the OHR (bioavailable stannous fluoride dentifrice, oscillating-rotating electric toothbrush, cetylpyridinium chloride rinse, and floss; P&G) or usual care products (sodium fluoride dentifrice and manual toothbrush; P&G) groups. At baseline and every 6 months, gingivitis and periodontal measures were assessed and a prophylaxis was conducted. The primary outcome was Gingival Bleeding Index-Bleeding Sites (GBI-BS). Analyses used ANCOVA at 5% significance levels.
RESULTS
A total of 107 individuals were enrolled; 87 completed the study. Mean GBI-BS, Modified Gingival Index, and Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) scores were significantly lower at each visit for the OHR versus usual care group by 28% to 39%, 12% to 18%, and 6% to 13%, respectively (≤ 0.0009). The magnitude of reduction in median number of ≥2 mm PPD loss events for OHR versus the usual care group at 24 months was 74%.
CONCLUSION
Long-term use of the OHR produced significant periodontal health improvements versus the usual care products.
Topics: Adult; Dental Plaque; Gingivitis; Humans; Oral Hygiene; Periodontitis; Single-Blind Method
PubMed: 34221032
DOI: No ID Found