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The Journal of Biological Chemistry Feb 1987Limited proteolysis, affinity chromatography, and immunoblotting have been used to define the domains of chicken gizzard caldesmon, caldesmon120, that interact with...
Limited proteolysis, affinity chromatography, and immunoblotting have been used to define the domains of chicken gizzard caldesmon, caldesmon120, that interact with calmodulin, F-actin, and a monoclonal antibody prepared using human platelet caldesmon. Treatment of caldesmon120 with chymotrypsin produces groups of fragments near 100, 80, 60, 38, and 20 kDa. Further digestion produces peptides between 40 and 50 kDa. The 100- and 80-kDa peptides cross-react with the monoclonal antibody; the smaller polypeptides do not. The kinetics of cleavage and the antibody studies indicate that the 38- and 80-kDa fragments are the two major pieces of the 120-kDa protein. The 38-kDa fragment, purified by high performance liquid chromatography, and several of its subfragments at 21 and 25 kDa sediment with F-actin, bind to calmodulin-Sepharose in the presence of Ca2+, and are displaced from F-actin by Ca2+-calmodulin. The 80-kDa fragments did not interact with F-actin or calmodulin. We have tentatively placed the 38-kDa fragment at the C-terminal using polyclonal antibodies selected against a beta-galactosidase-caldesmon120 fusion protein produced by a lambda gt11 lysogen. The 38-, 25-, and 21-kDa fragments cross-react with these antibodies; the 80- and 60-kDa fragments do not. Caldesmon77 from human platelets also cross-reacts with these selected antibodies. The results suggest that interacting calmodulin and F-actin binding sites are localized on a 38-kDa C-terminal fragment of caldesmon. The smallest subfragment of this peptide that binds to both F-actin and calmodulin-Sepharose is about 21 kDa. The monoclonal antibody epitope is tentatively localized near the N-terminal of caldesmon77 and must be within 50 kDa of the N-terminal on caldesmon120.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Binding Sites; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins; Chickens; Chromatography, Affinity; Chymotrypsin; Cross Reactions; Epitopes; Gizzard, Avian; Immunosorbent Techniques; Molecular Weight; Peptide Fragments; Subtilisins; Trypsin
PubMed: 2434491
DOI: No ID Found -
Poultry Science Oct 2020The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different durations of time delay when sampling digesta from the gizzard and ileum of broilers on the...
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different durations of time delay when sampling digesta from the gizzard and ileum of broilers on the degradation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP) and digestibility of phosphorus (P). There was 1 experimental diet with a supplemental phytase activity of 1,212 phytase units/kg feed, which was provided to birds from day 13 to 18 after hatching. The diet was formulated to provide 6.6 g/kg Ca and 1.9 g/kg nonphytate P and fed to 24 cages of 6 birds. The 24 cages of birds were further randomly divided into 6 subgroups of 4 cages from which the digesta samples in the gizzard and ileum were collected at 0, 5, 10, or 20 min postmortem. The results showed that the concentration of InsP decreased linearly (P = 0.002), InsP decreased quadratically (P = 0.038), and the summation of concentrations of P in InsP decreased linearly (P = 0.028) in the gizzard digesta with the increasing delay of sampling. In the ileum, the digestibility of phytate P tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.087), and the digestibility of total P decreased linearly (P = 0.026) with prolonged delay. In conclusion, delay in sampling could alter the measured profile of InsP esters in gizzard digesta probably because of a continued effect of supplemental phytase, while the ileal digestibility of total P could diminish. Therefore, standard sampling procedures should be implemented to minimize variance.
Topics: 6-Phytase; Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Digestion; Gizzard, Avian; Ileum; Phosphorus, Dietary; Phytic Acid; Random Allocation; Time Factors
PubMed: 32988543
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.049 -
Poultry Science Dec 2017The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary fiber levels on growth performance, gizzard development, intestinal morphology, and nutrient...
The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary fiber levels on growth performance, gizzard development, intestinal morphology, and nutrient utilization in Cherry Valley meat ducks. In total, 720 1-day-old ducklings were fed with starter diets (120 ducklings, 8 pens of 15 ducklings, on each diet) containing 6 levels of crude fiber (CF, 1.46, 3.09, 4.15, 6.18, 7.52, and 9.03%, based on analysis) for 21 d. Then, on d 22, ducks fed all of the starter diets were transferred to a grower diet (containing 4% CF) to examine the residual effect of starter dietary fiber levels until 35 d. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed to gain ratio (F:G) were recorded/calculated weekly. Ducks were sampled for gizzard development and intestinal morphology determination on d 7, 14, and 21. Nutrient utilization was assessed using 25- to 27-day-old ducks. The results showed that BW (d 21), BWG (d 15 to 21, d 1 to 21), and F:G (d 15 to 21, d 1 to 21, and d 1 to 35) were increased quadratically (P < 0.01), and FI (all periods except for d 22 to 35) was increased linearly (P < 0.01), when starter dietary CF levels increased from 1.46 to 9.03%. Ducks under 3.09% and 4.15% CF starter diets had decreased 1 to 35 d FI and F:G when compared to ducks under other starter diets. When compared to ducks fed 1.46% and 3.09% CF starter diets, ducks fed starter diet containing 7.52% CF had increased gizzard development, jejunal morphology, energy retention, excreta nutrients availability, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg, Ile, Leu, Thr, Val, Asp, Ala, Glu, Gly, Pro, Ser, and total amino acids. In conclusion, meat ducks from 1 to 21 d of age could adapt to a wide range (3.09% to 7.52%) of dietary fiber levels.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Animals; Diet; Dietary Fiber; Ducks; Gizzard, Avian; Intestines; Oryza; Random Allocation; Seeds; Triticum
PubMed: 29053831
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex268 -
Poultry Science May 2012The pathogenicity of a fowl adenovirus serotype-1 (FAdV-1, K181 strain) isolated from a case of gizzard erosion in layer chickens was investigated in...
The pathogenicity of a fowl adenovirus serotype-1 (FAdV-1, K181 strain) isolated from a case of gizzard erosion in layer chickens was investigated in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. One-week-old SPF chicks were inoculated orally or intramuscularly with the isolate of FAdV-1 and euthanized for necropsy at 7, 14, and 21 d postinoculation. Although there were no clinical signs after inoculation, gizzard erosions were observed grossly and the virus was recovered from the gizzards in the inoculated chickens. Histologically, in the chickens that were infected orally, the lesions found in the gizzard consisted of severe degeneration and necrosis of glandular epitheliums and eosinophilic inclusion bodies. These results indicate that the Korean FAdV-1 isolate could induce gizzard lesions in chickens. Moreover, the present investigation reproduced an outbreak of gizzard erosion caused by FAdV-1 infection and, for the first time, described the isolation of FAdV-1 from chickens in Korea. These findings provide important information on the epidemiology and pathogenesis of FAdV-1 infection in chickens.
Topics: Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Chickens; Fowl adenovirus A; Gizzard, Avian; Phylogeography; Poultry Diseases; Republic of Korea; Virulence
PubMed: 22499868
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2011-02050 -
Poultry Science Jun 2017Broiler chickens are commonly placed on wood shavings as litter, but alternative litter sources are required due to the scarcity of wood shavings in many parts of the...
Broiler chickens are commonly placed on wood shavings as litter, but alternative litter sources are required due to the scarcity of wood shavings in many parts of the world. This study aimed to compare pelleted straw, chopped wheat straw, wood shavings, rice hulls, and shredded paper as litter candidates. Three-hundred-sixty Ross 308 one-day-old male chicks were used in this study. There were 5 litter treatments with 6 replicate pens, each with 12 birds. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) of birds reared on pelleted straw was improved compared (P < 0.05) to that of birds raised on rice hulls, whereas it did not differ for birds placed on wood shavings, rice hulls, chopped straw, or shredded paper. It was observed that the birds reared on wood shavings had higher relative gizzard weight at d 24 compared to those reared on pelleted straw (P < 0.05). Gizzard pH and measured cecal bacterial groups were not affected by the type of bedding material. Cecal bacterial groups measured at d 10 were not affected by bedding material. Birds reared on pelleted wheat straw had a lower incidence of footpad lesions than those on chopped straw and shredded paper on d 24 (P < 0.001) and 29 (P < 0.01). Litter source did not affect the occurrence of breast blisters at d 24, 29, or 35. On d 24, 29, and 35, pelleted straw litter was less caked than chopped straw and shredded paper (P < 0.001) whereas no significant differences were observed among pelleted straw, wood shavings, and rice hulls. The study demonstrated the potential benefits to using pelleted wheat straw as a bedding material. Further assessment of pelleting of wheat straw and other materials on broiler health, performance, and welfare are needed to determine the economic benefits of pelleted litter.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Blister; Cecum; Chickens; Dermatitis; Gizzard, Avian; Housing, Animal; Male; Oryza; Paper; Poultry Diseases; Triticum; Wood
PubMed: 28204789
DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew473 -
European Journal of Biochemistry Feb 1980Preparations of chicken gizzard actin obtained from acetone-dried muscle powders prepared with various methods developed for skeletal muscle contain variable amounts of...
Preparations of chicken gizzard actin obtained from acetone-dried muscle powders prepared with various methods developed for skeletal muscle contain variable amounts of a beta-actinin-like protein. This contamination is minimized if the procedure of muscle powder preparation includes washing with EDTA solution, and can be completely removed by gel filtration of G-actin on Sephadex G-100. The presence of beta-actinin activity manifests itself in an increased rate of actin polymerization, low filament lengths resulting in low reduced viscosity and enhanced ATP-splitting activity of actin polymer, and instability of the polymer in the absence of free ATP. Gizzard actin purified on a Sephadex G-100 column does not differ from rabbit skeletal muscle actin in its polymerization properties. The distinct property of gizzard actin is the instability of its G form in the absence of added Ca2+, indicating that the affinity of this cation for the single high-affinity site in gizzard actin is lower than in skeletal muscle actin.
Topics: Actins; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Animals; Calcium; Chickens; Gizzard, Avian; Kinetics; Macromolecular Substances; Microscopy, Electron; Molecular Weight; Muscles; Rabbits; Viscosity
PubMed: 6445264
DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1980.tb04397.x -
Journal of Food Protection Jun 2023The Illness Dose (ID) step of a Poultry Food Assess Risk Model (PFARM) for Salmonella and chicken gizzards (CGs) was shown in the present study. The illness dose is the...
The Illness Dose (ID) step of a Poultry Food Assess Risk Model (PFARM) for Salmonella and chicken gizzards (CGs) was shown in the present study. The illness dose is the minimum dose of Salmonella consumed that causes an illness. It depends on the zoonotic potential (ZP) of Salmonella, food consumption behavior (FCB), and consumer health and immunity (CHI) or the disease triangle (DT). Zoonotic potential is the ability of Salmonella to survive, grow, and spread in the production chain or food and then cause illness in humans. Illness dose is predicted in PFARM using a DT, dose-response model (DRM) that was developed with human feeding trial (HFT) data and was validated with human outbreak investigation (HOI) data for Salmonella. The ability of the DT, DRM to predict DR data from HOI and HFT for Salmonella was quantified using the Acceptable Prediction Zone (APZ) method where acceptable performance occurred when the proportion of residuals in the APZ (pAPZ) was ≥0.7. United States, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data for human salmonellosis from 2007 to 2016 were used to simulate ZP, and only minor changes in ZP of 11 Salmonella serotypes were observed during this time. The performance of the DT, DRM for predicting Salmonella DR data from HFT and HOI was acceptable with pAPZ that ranged from 0.87 to 1 for individual serotypes of Salmonella. Simulation results from the DT, DRM in PFARM indicated that ID decreased (P ≤ 0.05) and ZP increased (P ≤ 0.05) over time in the simulated production chain because the main serotype of Salmonella changed from Kentucky (low ZP) to Infantis (high ZP) while FCB and CHI were held constant. These results indicated that the DT, DRM in PFARM can be used with confidence to predict ID as a function of ZP, FCB, and CHI. In other words, the DT, DRM in PFARM can be used with confidence to predict dose-response for Salmonella and CGs.
Topics: Animals; Humans; United States; Poultry; Chickens; Gizzard, Avian; Food Microbiology; Salmonella
PubMed: 37075983
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100091 -
Scientific Reports May 2019Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is identified in chickens with respiratory disease while Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) has been frequently isolated from chicken feed in...
Avian influenza virus subtype H9N2 is identified in chickens with respiratory disease while Bacillus cereus (B. cereus) has been frequently isolated from chicken feed in China. However, the roles of co-infection with these two pathogens remain unclear. In the present study, SPF chicks were intragastrically administered with 10 CFU/mL of B. cereus for 7 days and then inoculated intranasally with 100 EID of H9N2 three days later. Alternatively, chickens were initially inoculated with H9N2 and then with B. cereus for one week. Post administration, typical respiratory distress persisted for 5 days in both co-infection groups. Gizzard erosions developed in the groups B. cereus/H9N2 and B. cereus group on 7 day while in group H9N2/B. cereus on 14 day. More importantly, both air-sac lesions and lung damage increased significantly in the co-infection group. Significant inflammatory changes were observed in the B. cereus group from day 7 to day 21. Moreover, higher loads of H9N2 virus were found in the co-infected groups than in the H9N2 group. Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) specific antibodies were decreased significantly in the H9N2/B. cereus group compared to the B. cereus and the B. cereus/H9N2 groups. Nonspecific IgA titers were reduced significantly in the B. cereus group and the H9N2/B. cereus group compared to the control group. In addition to this, lower lymphocyte proliferation was found in the con-infection groups and the H9N2 group. Hence, feed-borne B. cereus contamination potentially exacerbates gizzard ulceration and aggravates H9N2-induced respiratory distress by inhibiting antibody-mediated immunity and pathogen clearance. Thus controlling the B. cereus contamination in poultry feed is immediately needed.
Topics: Air Sacs; Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Bacillus cereus; Chickens; Coinfection; Cytokines; Gizzard, Avian; Immunoglobulin A; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype; Influenza in Birds; Lung; Lymphocytes; Newcastle disease virus; Pneumonia; Poultry Diseases; Stomach Diseases
PubMed: 31076729
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43660-2 -
Poultry Science Dec 2003For evaluation of the filling and emptying of the alimentary tract, broiler breeder hens were cooped and processed over a 2-d period. Hens were fed at 0600 h on d 1 and...
For evaluation of the filling and emptying of the alimentary tract, broiler breeder hens were cooped and processed over a 2-d period. Hens were fed at 0600 h on d 1 and after access to feed for 0, 2, 4, and 6 h were placed into coops. Half of the hens from each pen were either immediately processed or were held in coops over-night and processed the following morning, d 2. The alimentary tract was excised from the carcass and then separated and weighed in three segments: the crop, proventriculus and gizzard, and intestines. Hens processed on d 1, after access to feed for only 2 h, had attained maximum intestine weight (176 g), but not until after access to feed for 6 h were peak crop weight (95 g) and peak weight for the proventriculus and gizzard (78 g) attained. Hens processed on d 2 did not differ in crop (12 to 14 g) or intestine (140 to 162 g) weight, but proventriculus and gizzard weights were significantly lower for hens not fed on d 1 prior to cooping (54 g) compared with hens fed on d 1 and cooped after 2, 4, or 6 h (62 to 63 g). However, hens processed on d 2 had proventriculus and gizzard weights that were the same as for those hens processed on d 1 and cooped at 0 h (63 g). Clearance of ingesta from the crop, proventriculus and gizzard, and intestines readily occurred while hens were held overnight without access to water.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Crop, Avian; Diet; Digestive System; Digestive System Physiological Phenomena; Female; Gizzard, Avian; Intestines; Organ Size; Proventriculus; Time Factors
PubMed: 14717561
DOI: 10.1093/ps/82.12.2000 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2020The present study reports a natural infection of emus, Dromaius novaehollandiae, by the nematode Procyrnea uncinipenis. Five adult emus from a scientific breeding farm...
Natural infection by Procyrnea uncinipenis (Nematoda, Habronematidae), a parasite from rheas, an autoctone bird from South America, in emus Dromaius novaehollandiae, a ratite from New Zealand.
The present study reports a natural infection of emus, Dromaius novaehollandiae, by the nematode Procyrnea uncinipenis. Five adult emus from a scientific breeding farm at North Fluminense State University located in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil were necropsied, and their gastrointestinal tract were collected and examined for the presence of parasites from October 2013 to November 2015. Two of the five (40%) emus necropsied were infected with nematodes, and a portion of the nematodes were processed for light microscopy. In addition, two other nematodes (a male and a female) were prepared for scanning electron microscopy. In a female bird, one nematode was collected in the proventriculus and two nematodes in the gizzard and in the male bird four nematodes were collected in the gizzard. The morphological and morphometric analyzes allowed to identify the nematodes as P. uncinipenis, this being the first report of an infection by P. uncinipenis in emus. Therefore, we infer that these emus were naturally infected by nematodes that were considered specific to rheas.
Topics: Animals; Bird Diseases; Brazil; Dromaiidae; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gizzard, Avian; Male; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; New Zealand
PubMed: 33024210
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73754-1