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Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020(teleomorph: ) fungi are well known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with various biological activities to show their pharmaceutical and agrochemical... (Review)
Review
(teleomorph: ) fungi are well known to produce a variety of secondary metabolites with various biological activities to show their pharmaceutical and agrochemical applications. Up to now, at least 229 secondary metabolites, mainly including 84 nitrogen-containing metabolites, 85 polyketides, 40 terpenoids, and 20 other metabolites, have been reported. Many of these compounds exhibit biological activities, such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antimalarial activities. This mini-review aims to summarize the diversity of the secondary metabolites as well as their occurrences in fungi and biological activities.
PubMed: 33081356
DOI: 10.3390/jof6040229 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023The fungi species dwelling in the rhizosphere of crop plants, revealing functions that endeavor sustainability of the plants, are commonly referred to as... (Review)
Review
The fungi species dwelling in the rhizosphere of crop plants, revealing functions that endeavor sustainability of the plants, are commonly referred to as 'plant-growth-promoting fungi' (PGPF). They are biotic inducers that provide benefits and carry out important functions in agricultural sustainability. The problem encountered in the agricultural system nowadays is how to meet population demand based on crop yield and protection without putting the environment and human and animal health at risk based on crop production. PGPF including spp., , , , , , Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc., have proven their ecofriendly nature to ameliorate the production of crops by improving the growth of the shoots and roots of crop plants, the germination of seeds, the production of chlorophyll for photosynthesis, and the abundant production of crops. PGPF's potential mode of action is as follows: the mineralization of the major and minor elements required to support plants' growth and productivity. In addition, PGPF produce phytohormones, induced resistance, and defense-related enzymes to inhibit or eradicate the invasion of pathogenic microbes, in other words, to help the plants while encountering stress. This review portrays the potential of PGPF as an effective bioagent to facilitate and promote crop production, plant growth, resistance to disease invasion, and various abiotic stresses.
PubMed: 36836352
DOI: 10.3390/jof9020239 -
Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical... 2019Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide from infectious diseases and its inadequate treatment has led to emergence of resistant strains. The emergence of...
Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death worldwide from infectious diseases and its inadequate treatment has led to emergence of resistant strains. The emergence of these strains renders the search for new drugs for the treatment of TB. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the anti-TB activity of the extract from fungus sp. MR41, and bioassay-guided fractionation and identification of majority compounds was carried out. Fungal strain culture was lyophilized and extracted by maceration in Ethyl Acetate (EtOAc). This extract was fractionated by liquid-liquid partitioning and chromatographic techniques, and the compounds were identified by their spectroscopic data. Furthermore, the EtOAc extract, fractions, and pure compounds were tested on using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay. From the bioactive AcetoNitrile Fraction (AcNF; MIC = 3.13 µg/mL) of the EtOAc extract, four compounds were isolated: ergosterol (1), ergosterol-5, 8-peroxide (2), 1, 6-di--acetyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxy-hexane (3), and allitol (4). Only 2 exhibited potent activities against (MIC = 0.78 µg/mL). Additionally, this is the first report, to our knowledge, of polyols 3 and 4 from this fungus.
PubMed: 31531068
DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100667 -
Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and... Dec 2017The purpose of this study is to report a case of ocular infection with Gliocladium species due to an exposed scleral buckle.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study is to report a case of ocular infection with Gliocladium species due to an exposed scleral buckle.
DESIGN
Interventional case report was used as the study design.
METHODS
A 60-year-old diabetic male patient presented with persistent pain, redness, and discharge in his left eye since 2 months. He had been treated previously with both topical and systemic steroids for a diagnosis of autoimmune scleritis. He had undergone scleral buckling surgery with cryotherapy for an inferior rhegmatogenous retinal detachment in the past. His best-corrected visual acuity was 6/6, N6 and 6/6, N6 in the right and left eyes, respectively. Retraction of the left lower lid revealed an exposed scleral buckle with an overlying necrotic conjunctiva. Scleral buckle removal was done. Microbiological examination showed Gliocladium species growing on blood agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Treatment was started with topical antifungal medication and oral antibiotics.
RESULTS
Following treatment, signs of infection showed resolution. Patient underwent retinal reattachment surgery with favorable anatomic and visual outcome.
CONCLUSION
Ocular infection with Gliocladium species has not been previously reported. Poor response to steroids and uncontrolled diabetes should make the clinician aware of a possible fungal infection. Removal of the scleral buckle, identification of the causative organism, and use of appropriate antibiotics are important for the accurate management of the case.
PubMed: 28293854
DOI: 10.1186/s12348-017-0128-1 -
Mycological Progress Feb 2019Three new species, closely related to , are described from the USA and India. These species form septate conidia from simple conidiophores with individual branches...
Three new species, closely related to , are described from the USA and India. These species form septate conidia from simple conidiophores with individual branches terminating in a single phialide and chlamydospores. Teleomorphs, known for and , are characterised by hairy perithecia and fusiform, apiculate, and conspicuously warted ascospores. This combination of characters distinguishes the -group from other members of that all form gliocladium-type anamorphs and mostly grow on basidiomata of spp. Like in other species of the genus, the majority of hosts of the species described in this paper belong to wood-inhabiting taxa of Russulales. had been recorded from a few regions in Europe and exclusively on Herein, it is reported also from in many other localities and on s.l. at the foothills of the Himalayas. Its sister species, found in the same region in northern India on another member of Russulales (, is described as The two species described from North America colonize polypores from various taxa. Whereas occurs in eastern USA, with among its hosts, is so far known only from two locations in eastern Texas, growing on (Polyporales). Despite their great similarity in morphology and ITS rDNA, TEF1 sequences clearly distinguish these two North-American species. Moreover, the two strains of appeared metabolically distinct as their organic extracts strongly inhibited the growth of human pathogenic microbes grown in vitro. Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA sequences supports monophyly of the genus and the included -group, established here.
PubMed: 31662730
DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-01468-w -
BMC Microbiology Mar 2024The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) produced by toxigenic fungi is widely present in cereals and its downstream products. The danger of ZEA linked to various human health...
BACKGROUND
The mycotoxin zearalenone (ZEA) produced by toxigenic fungi is widely present in cereals and its downstream products. The danger of ZEA linked to various human health issues has attracted increasing attention. Thus, powerful ZEA-degrading or detoxifying strategies are urgently needed. Biology-based detoxification methods are specific, efficient, and environmentally friendly and do not lead to negative effects during cereal decontamination. Among these, ZEA detoxification using degrading enzymes was documented to be a promising strategy in broad research. Here, two efficient ZEA-degrading lactonases from the genus Gliocladium, ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, were identified for the first time. This work studied the degradation capacity and properties of ZEA using purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83.
RESULTS
According to the ZEA degradation study, transformed Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) PLySs cells harboring the zhdr52 or zhdp83 gene could transform 20 µg/mL ZEA within 2 h and degrade > 90% of ZEA toxic derivatives, α/β-zearalanol and α/β-zearalenol, within 6 h. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that the optimal pH was 9.0 for ZHDR52 and ZHDP83, and the optimum temperature was 45 °C. The purified recombinant ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 retained > 90% activity over a wide range of pH values and temperatures (pH 7.0-10.0 and 35-50 °C). In addition, the specific activities of purified ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 against ZEA were 196.11 and 229.64 U/mg, respectively. The results of these two novel lactonases suggested that, compared with ZHD101, these two novel lactonases transformed ZEA into different products. The slight position variations in E126 and H242 in ZDHR52/ZEA and ZHDP83/ZEA obtained via structural modelling may explain the difference in degradation products. Moreover, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay indicated that the products of ZEA degradation using ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 did not exhibit estrogenic activity.
CONCLUSIONS
ZHDR52 and ZHDP83 are alkali ZEA-degrading enzymes that can efficiently and irreversibly degrade ZEA into non-estrogenic products, indicating that they are potential candidates for commercial application. This study identified two excellent lactonases for industrial ZEA detoxification.
Topics: Humans; Zearalenone; Gliocladium; Zeranol; Biotransformation
PubMed: 38454365
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03226-3 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Nov 2009We have isolated endophytic fungi from Indian yew tree, Taxus baccata and then screened for taxol production. Out of the forty fungal cultures screened, one fungus...
We have isolated endophytic fungi from Indian yew tree, Taxus baccata and then screened for taxol production. Out of the forty fungal cultures screened, one fungus Gliocladium sp. was found to produce taxol and 10DAB III (10 Deacetyl baccatin III). These compounds were purified by TLC, HPLC and characterized using UV-Spectroscopy, ESI-MS, MS/MS and proton NMR. One liter of Gliocladium sp. culture yielded 10 microg of taxol and 65 microg of 10 DAB III. The purified taxol from the fungus showed cytotoxicity towards cancer lines HL-60 (leukemia), A431 (epidermal carcinoma) and MCF-7 (breast cancer).
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Proliferation; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Gliocladium; Humans; India; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Paclitaxel; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Taxoids; Taxus; Weights and Measures
PubMed: 19996685
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.0904.4041 -
Persoonia Jun 2015Stromata of Trichoderma species having green ascospores were collected in various regions of China. Based on morphology of the sexual and asexual morph, culture...
Stromata of Trichoderma species having green ascospores were collected in various regions of China. Based on morphology of the sexual and asexual morph, culture characteristics, and sequence analyses of rpb2 and tef1 genes, 17 species with green ascospores were identified. Among them, Trichoderma rosulatum, T. rufobrunneum and T. stipitatum are described as new species, and seven other species are reported for the first time from China. Trichoderma rosulatum produces small bright yellow or pale greenish stromata with dense dark green ostioles and gliocladium-like conidiophores, shows a close relationship to T. thelephoricola, and belongs to the Chlorospora clade. Trichoderma rufobrunneum, which typically forms reddish brown stromata, is recognised as a member of the Harzianum clade. Trichoderma stipitatum is characterised by turbinate, pale yellow to nearly orange stromata and verticillium-like conidiophores; it forms a distinct, independent lineage with strong bootstrap support in the phylogenetic trees. The distinctions between the new species and their close relatives are discussed, and their phylogenetic positions are explored.
PubMed: 26240449
DOI: 10.3767/003158515X686732 -
Plant Disease Feb 1999During a regular survey of diseases in farmers' fields of onion (Allium cepa L.) in the Upper East Region of Ghana in March 1997, bulbs infected with white rot disease...
During a regular survey of diseases in farmers' fields of onion (Allium cepa L.) in the Upper East Region of Ghana in March 1997, bulbs infected with white rot disease were collected for identification. A portion of the white mycelium present on the onion scale was cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA). After 2 days of incubation, white fluffy mycelium was observed that later developed black sclerotia on the colony surface to confirm the identity of Sclerotium cepivorum. Ten days later, an unknown fungus was observed growing from the original inoculation point of the S. cepivorum mycelium. Pure cultures of the unknown fungus grown on PDA were sent to CAB International, UK, and identified as Gliocladium catenulatum Gilman and Abbott (1). G. catenulatum grew along the mycelia of S. cepivorum and completely suppressed its growth. In culture, G. catenulatum colonized sclerotia of S. cepivorum and rendered them mushy and easy to crush, whereas the uncolonized sclerotia remained firm and difficult to crush. The uncolonized sclerotia when transferred onto PDA produced the white fluffy mycelial growth typical of S. cepivorum; the colonized did not grow at all. G. catenulatum also reduced colony growth, sclerotia formation, and maturation of S. cepivorum. Cultures of S. cepivorum inoculated with G. catenulatum measured 3 cm in diameter after 3 days of incubation and exhibited sparse mycelial growth, while cultures of S. cepivorum measured 5 cm in diameter after 3 days of incubation and produced a fairly even sheet of abundant, fluffy mycelial growth. Sclerotia were produced profusely in pure cultures of S. cepivorum whereas those of G. catenulatum and S. cepivorum in combination produced only two sclerotia after 6 days and these were later colonized by G. catenulatum. A striking characteristic of G. catenulatum was the production of a yellow pigmentation around the colony margins. Species within the genus Gliocladium are known to be antagonistic to, and parasitic on, other fungi. The antagonistic and/or parasitic nature of G. catenulatum on S. cepivorum suggests a possible role in biological control. This is the first report of G. catenulatum in association with S. cepivorum on onion in Ghana. Reference: (1) J. C. Gilman and E. V. Abbott. Iowa State College J. Sci. 1:225, 1927.
PubMed: 30849808
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS.1999.83.2.198B