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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Apr 2015This Cochrane Review was withdrawn in April 2015, and this withdrawal notice was updated in September 2016. The review was withdrawn as result of comments submitted... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This Cochrane Review was withdrawn in April 2015, and this withdrawal notice was updated in September 2016. The review was withdrawn as result of comments submitted via the Cochrane Library by Harri Hemilä in February 2015. Hemilä identified multiple errors in this Cochrane Review and made allegations of plagiarism of text and data from a previously published systematic review (Hemilä H. Zinc Lozenges may shorten the duration of colds: a systematic review. 2011;5:51‐58. dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874306401105010051). The comments referred to the version of this review first published in June 2013 (Singh M, Das RR. Zinc for the common cold. 2013;(6):CD001364. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub4/full). The Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group, which maintains the review, withdrew the review in April 2015, pending an assessment of the errors reported, and the group referred the allegations of plagiarism to the Editor in Chief. The Editor in Chief notified the authors of the concerns, and followed the Committee for Publication Ethics (COPE) guidelines. Replication of text was identified in the Cochrane Review. This was limited to copying of short phrases and was acknowledged by the authors. The level of text plagiarism was minor and at a level that would be addressed by a correction. The Editor in Chief carried out further investigation into the alleged plagiarism of data, with the co‐operation of the review authors, who provided supplementary information in support of their work. The allegations related to the derivation of means and standard deviations of data from some of the included studies. Although the authors acknowledge and cite the Hemilä 2011 review, the Editor in Chief considered that the authors’ explanation regarding some similarities in presented data between the two reviews was not conclusive. This version of the review will therefore remain withdrawn. This review was withdrawn due to concerns raised via the feedback mechanism regarding the calculation and analysis of data in the review in April 2015. Whilst it is not unusual for reviews to be withdrawn, the editorial group took the view that it would be better to take a cautious approach and explore the source and calculation of data used in the analysis in more detail, rather than keep the review on the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for the time being. The editorial group responsible for this previously published document have withdrawn it from publication.
Topics: Common Cold; Dosage Forms; Gluconates; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Severity of Illness Index; Zinc; Zinc Acetate; Zinc Compounds; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 25924708
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001364.pub5 -
Chemical Reviews Oct 2016Biomass has been long exploited as an anthropogenic energy source; however, the 21st century challenges of energy security and climate change are driving resurgence in... (Review)
Review
Biomass has been long exploited as an anthropogenic energy source; however, the 21st century challenges of energy security and climate change are driving resurgence in its utilization both as a renewable alternative to fossil fuels and as a sustainable carbon feedstock for chemicals production. Deconstruction of cellulose and hemicellulose carbohydrate polymers into their constituent C and C sugars, and subsequent heterogeneously catalyzed transformations, offer the promise of unlocking diverse oxygenates such as furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, xylitol, sorbitol, mannitol, and gluconic acid as biorefinery platform chemicals. Here, we review recent advances in the design and development of catalysts and processes for C-C sugar reforming into chemical intermediates and products, and highlight the challenges of aqueous phase operation and catalyst evaluation, in addition to process considerations such as solvent and reactor selection.
Topics: Acids; Alkalies; Catalysis; Furaldehyde; Gluconates; Hexoses; Isomerism; Oxidation-Reduction; Pentoses; Sugar Alcohols
PubMed: 27680093
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00311 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2014Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear and is usually caused by infection. It affects people of all ages but is particularly common in young children. Around 164... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear and is usually caused by infection. It affects people of all ages but is particularly common in young children. Around 164 million people worldwide have long-term hearing loss caused by this condition, 90% of them in low-income countries. As zinc supplements prevent pneumonia in disadvantaged children, we wanted to investigate whether zinc supplements could also prevent otitis media.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate whether zinc supplements prevent otitis media in adults and children of different ages.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL (2014, Issue 1), MEDLINE (1950 to February week 4, 2014) and EMBASE (1974 to March 2014).
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised, placebo-controlled trials of zinc supplements given at least once a week for at least a month for preventing otitis media.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility and methodological quality of the included trials and extracted and analysed data. We summarised results using risk ratios (RRs) or rate ratios for dichotomous data and mean differences (MDs) for continuous data. We combined trial results where appropriate.
MAIN RESULTS
No new trials were identified for inclusion in this update. We identified 12 trials for inclusion, 10 of which contributed outcomes data. There were a total of 6820 participants. In trials of healthy children living in low-income communities, two trials did not demonstrate a significant difference between the zinc-supplemented and placebo groups in the numbers of participants experiencing an episode of definite otitis media during follow-up (3191 participants); another trial showed a significantly lower incidence rate of otitis media in the zinc group (rate ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.61 to 0.79, n = 1621). A small trial of 39 infants undergoing treatment for severe malnutrition suggested a benefit of zinc for the mean number of episodes of otitis media (mean difference (MD) -1.12 episodes, 95% CI -2.21 to -0.03). Zinc supplements did not seem to cause any serious adverse events but a small minority of children were reported to have vomited shortly after ingestion of the supplements. The trial evidence included is generally of good quality, with a low risk of bias.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Evidence on whether zinc supplementation can reduce the incidence of otitis media in healthy children under the age of five years living in low- and middle-income countries is mixed. There is some evidence of benefit in children being treated for marasmus (severe malnutrition), but this is based on one small trial and should therefore be treated with caution.
Topics: Child Nutrition Disorders; Child, Preschool; Chlorides; Developing Countries; Dietary Supplements; Female; Gluconates; Humans; Infant; Infant Nutrition Disorders; Male; Otitis Media; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Trace Elements; Zinc; Zinc Acetate; Zinc Compounds; Zinc Sulfate
PubMed: 24974096
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006639.pub4 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2009The prevalence of anemia across studies on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is high (30%). Both iron deficiency (ID) and anemia of chronic disease... (Review)
Review
The prevalence of anemia across studies on patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is high (30%). Both iron deficiency (ID) and anemia of chronic disease contribute most to the development of anemia in IBD. The prevalence of ID is even higher (45%). Anemia and ID negatively impact the patient's quality of life. Therefore, together with an adequate control of disease activity, iron replacement therapy should start as soon as anemia or ID is detected to attain a normal hemoglobin (Hb) and iron status. Many patients will respond to oral iron, but compliance may be poor, whereas intravenous (i.v.) compounds are safe, provide a faster Hb increase and iron store repletion, and presents a lower rate of treatment discontinuation. Absolute indications for i.v. iron treatment should include severe anemia, intolerance or inappropriate response to oral iron, severe intestinal disease activity, or use of an erythropoietic stimulating agent. Four different products are principally used in clinical practice, which differ in their pharmacokinetic properties and safety profiles: iron gluconate and iron sucrose (lower single doses), and iron dextran and ferric carboxymaltose (higher single doses). After the initial resolution of anemia and the repletion of iron stores, the patient's hematological and iron parameters should be carefully and periodically monitored, and maintenance iron treatment should be provided as required. New i.v. preparations that allow for giving 1000-1500 mg in a single session, thus facilitating patient management, provide an excellent tool to prevent or treat anemia and ID in this patient population, which in turn avoids allogeneic blood transfusion and improves their quality of life.
Topics: Ferric Compounds; Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; Glucaric Acid; Gluconates; Humans; Inflammatory Bowel Diseases; Infusions, Intravenous; Injections, Intraventricular; Iron; Iron-Dextran Complex; Maltose; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 19787830
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.4666 -
Nucleic Acids Research Aug 2023Synthetic biology holds great promise to improve the safety and efficacy of future gene and engineered cell therapies by providing new means of endogenous or exogenous...
Synthetic biology holds great promise to improve the safety and efficacy of future gene and engineered cell therapies by providing new means of endogenous or exogenous control of the embedded therapeutic programs. Here, we focused on gluconate as a clinically licensed small-molecule inducer and engineered gluconate-sensitive molecular switches to regulate transgene expression in human cell cultures and in mice. Several switch designs were assembled based on the gluconate-responsive transcriptional repressor GntR from Escherichia coli. Initially we assembled OFF- and ON-type switches by rewiring the native gluconate-dependent binding of GntR to target DNA sequences in mammalian cells. Then, we utilized the ability of GntR to dimerize in the presence of gluconate to activate gene expression from a split transcriptional activator. By means of random mutagenesis of GntR combined with phenotypic screening, we identified variants that significantly enhanced the functionality of the genetic devices, enabling the construction of robust two-input logic gates. We also demonstrated the potential utility of the synthetic switch in two in vivo settings, one employing implantation of alginate-encapsulated engineered cells and the other involving modification of host cells by DNA delivery. Then, as proof-of-concept, the gluconate-actuated genetic switch was connected to insulin secretion, and the components encoding gluconate-induced insulin production were introduced into type-1 diabetic mice as naked DNA via hydrodynamic tail vein injection. Normoglycemia was restored, thereby showcasing the suitability of oral gluconate to regulate in situ production of a therapeutic protein.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Mice; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; DNA-Binding Proteins; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gluconates; Promoter Regions, Genetic; Repressor Proteins; Transcription Factors; Transgenes
PubMed: 37497781
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad600 -
Nature Communications Apr 2018Methanol represents an attractive substrate for biotechnological applications. Utilization of reduced one-carbon compounds for growth is currently limited to...
Methanol represents an attractive substrate for biotechnological applications. Utilization of reduced one-carbon compounds for growth is currently limited to methylotrophic organisms, and engineering synthetic methylotrophy remains a major challenge. Here we apply an in silico-guided multiple knockout approach to engineer a methanol-essential Escherichia coli strain, which contains the ribulose monophosphate cycle for methanol assimilation. Methanol conversion to biomass was stoichiometrically coupled to the metabolization of gluconate and the designed strain was subjected to laboratory evolution experiments. Evolved strains incorporate up to 24% methanol into core metabolites under a co-consumption regime and utilize methanol at rates comparable to natural methylotrophs. Genome sequencing reveals mutations in genes coding for glutathione-dependent formaldehyde oxidation (frmA), NAD(H) homeostasis/biosynthesis (nadR), phosphopentomutase (deoB), and gluconate metabolism (gntR). This study demonstrates a successful metabolic re-routing linked to a heterologous pathway to achieve methanol-dependent growth and represents a crucial step in generating a fully synthetic methylotrophic organism.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Computer Simulation; Escherichia coli; Gene Knockout Techniques; Genome, Bacterial; Gluconates; Metabolic Engineering; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Methanol
PubMed: 29666370
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03937-y -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021This paper investigates the potential of the enzymatic management of high pH in white juice and wine using a combination of enzymes-glucose oxidase coupled with...
This paper investigates the potential of the enzymatic management of high pH in white juice and wine using a combination of enzymes-glucose oxidase coupled with catalase. Catazyme 25 L, a commercially available blend of the two enzymes, was added at different doses (0.2 g/L, 0.6 g/L, and 1g/L) to white grape juice and various parameters (glucose, gluconic acid, pH) were monitored over 24 h of treatment. Treated wines were fermented to dryness without any difficulty and the wines were chemically and sensorially evaluated. At the highest dose (1 g/L), pH was reduced from 3.9 to 3.2, with 20.5 g of gluconic acid produced, while at the lowest dose (0.2 g/L), pH decreased from 4.0 to 3.5 and 8.8 g of gluconic acid was produced. Flash profiling indicated that treated wines were lighter in color than the control and were described using terms such as floral, fruit, citrus, and sour while the control wine was described as being fermented, medicinal, pungent, and oxidized. In conclusion, glucose oxidase coupled with catalase was shown to be effective at significantly reducing juice and wine pH in a short amount of time and with a positive impact on the organoleptic profiles of the treated wines.
Topics: Catalase; Climate; Enzymes; Fermentation; Food Analysis; Food Technology; Fruit; Gluconates; Glucose; Glucose Oxidase; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Vitis; Wine
PubMed: 34066480
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092730 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Jun 2021Vitamin C is an essential vitamin for human beings. It has a huge market in the fields of food and pharmaceuticals. 2-keto-L-gulonic acid is an important precursor to...
Vitamin C is an essential vitamin for human beings. It has a huge market in the fields of food and pharmaceuticals. 2-keto-L-gulonic acid is an important precursor to produce vitamin C by microbial fermentation in industrial. In microbial fermentations, the L-sorbose pathway and the D-gluconate pathway have been the focus of research because of high yield. This article aims at stating recent research progress in dehydrogenases related to biosynthesis of vitamin C in the L-sorbose pathway and the D-gluconate pathway. The properties of dehydrogenase in terms of localization, substrate specificity, cofactors, and electron transport carrier are elaborated. And then, the main problems and strategies are reviewed in the L-sorbose pathway and in the D-gluconate pathway. Finally, future research on the dehydrogenases in the biosynthesis of vitamin C through L-sorbose pathway and D-gluconate pathway is discussed.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Fermentation; Gluconates; Oxidoreductases; Sorbose
PubMed: 34227279
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.200449 -
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics :... Mar 2008We present a novel and facile synthesis methodology for obtaining graphitic carbon structures from Fe(II) and Co(II) gluconates. The formation of graphitic carbon can be...
We present a novel and facile synthesis methodology for obtaining graphitic carbon structures from Fe(II) and Co(II) gluconates. The formation of graphitic carbon can be carried out in only one step by means of heat treatment of these organic salts at a temperature of 900 degrees C or 1000 degrees C under inert atmosphere. This process consists of the following steps: (a) pyrolysis of the organic gluconate and its transformation to amorphous carbon, (b) conversion of Fe(2+) and Co(2+) ions to Fe(2)O(3) and CoO and their subsequent reduction to metallic nanoparticles by the carbon and (c) conversion of a fraction of formed amorphous carbon to graphitic structures by Fe and Co nanoparticles that act as catalysts in the graphitization process. The removal of the amorphous carbon and metallic nanoparticles by means of oxidative treatment (KMnO(4) in an acid solution) allows graphitic carbon nanostructures (GCNs) to be selectively recovered. The GCNs thus obtained (i.e. nanocapsules and nanopipes) have a high crystallinity as evidenced by TEM/SAED, XRD and Raman analysis. In addition, we used these GCNs as supports for platinum nanoparticles, which were well dispersed (mean Pt size approximately 2.5-3.2 nm). Most electrocatalysts prepared in this way have a high electrocatalytical surface area, up to 90 m(2) g(-1) Pt, and exhibit high catalytic activities toward methanol electrooxidation.
Topics: Atmosphere; Carbon; Catalysis; Cobalt; Electrochemistry; Gluconates; Graphite; Iron; Methanol; Molecular Conformation; Nanostructures; Oxidation-Reduction; Particle Size; Platinum; Surface Properties; Temperature
PubMed: 18309400
DOI: 10.1039/b714924g -
Journal of the American Pharmacists... 2004To review the laboratory and clinical evidence of the medicinal value of zinc for the treatment of the common cold. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To review the laboratory and clinical evidence of the medicinal value of zinc for the treatment of the common cold.
DATA SOURCES
Published articles identified through Medline (1980-2003) using the search terms zinc, rhinovirus, and other pertinent subject headings. Additional sources were identified from the bibliographies of the retrieved articles.
STUDY SELECTION
By the author.
DATA EXTRACTION
By the author.
DATA SYNTHESIS
Human rhinoviruses, by attaching to the nasal epithelium via the intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) receptor, cause most colds. Ionic zinc, based on its electrical charge, also has an affinity for ICAM-1 receptor sites and may exert an antiviral effect by attaching to the ICAM-1 receptors in the rhinovirus structure and nasal epithelial cells. Clinical tests of zinc for treatment of common colds have been inconsistent, primarily because of study design, blinding, and lozenge contents. Early formulations of lozenges also were unpalatable. In three trials with similar study designs, methodologies, and efficacy assessments, zinc effectively and significantly shortened the duration of the common cold when it was administered within 24 hours of the onset of symptoms. Recent reports of trials with zinc gluconate administered as a nasal gel have supported these findings; in addition, they have shown that treatment with zinc nasal gel is effective in reducing the duration and severity of common cold symptoms in patients with established illness.
CONCLUSION
Clinical trial data support the value of zinc in reducing the duration and severity of symptoms of the common cold when administered within 24 hours of the onset of common cold symptoms. Additional clinical and laboratory evaluations are warranted to further define the role of ionic zinc for the prevention and treatment of the common cold and to elucidate the biochemical mechanisms through which zinc exerts its symptom-relieving effects.
Topics: Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Common Cold; Gluconates; Humans; Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Rhinovirus; Treatment Outcome; Zinc Acetate
PubMed: 15496046
DOI: 10.1331/1544-3191.44.5.594.hulisz