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The American Journal of Clinical... Nov 2021Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in...
BACKGROUND
Reliable tables of glycemic indexes (GIs) and glycemic loads (GLs) are critical to research examining the relationship between glycemic qualities of carbohydrate in foods, diets, and health. In the 12 years since the last edition of the tables, a large amount of new data has become available.
OBJECTIVES
To systematically review and tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable GI values, including an assessment of the reliability of the data.
METHODS
This edition of the tables lists over 4000 items, a 61% increase in the number of entries compared to the 2008 edition. The data have been separated into 2 lists. The first represents more precise values derived using the methodology recommended by the International Standards Organization (∼2100 items). The second list contains values determined using less robust methods, including using limited numbers of healthy subjects or with a large SEM (∼1900 food items).
RESULTS
Dairy products, legumes, pasta, and fruits were usually low-GI foods (≤55 on the 100-point glucose scale) and had consistent values around the world. Cereals and cereal products, however, including whole-grain or whole-meal versions, showed wide variation in GI values, presumably arising from variations in manufacturing methods. Breads, breakfast cereals, rice, savory snack products, and regional foods were available in high-, medium-, and low-GI versions. Most varieties of potato were high-GI foods, but specific low-GI varieties have now been identified.
CONCLUSIONS
The availability of new data on the GIs of foods will facilitate wider research and application of the twin concepts of GI and GL. Although the 2021 edition of the tables improves the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice, GI testing of regional foods remains a priority. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as #171204.
Topics: Glycemic Index; Glycemic Load; Humans
PubMed: 34258626
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab233 -
International Journal of Dermatology Aug 2022Acne is one of the most frequent dermatological afflictions especially for people in their first 30 years of age. Several studies have shown that nutrition is one of... (Review)
Review
Acne is one of the most frequent dermatological afflictions especially for people in their first 30 years of age. Several studies have shown that nutrition is one of the key factors involved in acne pathogenesis. Data show that a high glycemic index diet may be a trigger in acne pathogenesis, while patients with a low glycemic index diet have fewer acne lesions. Milk and chocolate are also involved in the exacerbation of acne. However, foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids suppress the production of inflammatory cytokines with therapeutic effect. Additionally, docosapentaenoic acid and γ-linolenic acid have demonstrated improved acne lesions. The aim of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the association between acne and diet with special attention to the most frequently discussed factors involved in its pathogenesis: milk, chocolate, omega-3 fatty acids, hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinism, and IGF-1.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Diet; Fatty Acids, Omega-3; Glycemic Index; Humans; Milk
PubMed: 34423427
DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15862 -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2020Background. The incidence of diabetes has been rising rapidly, especially in urbanized countries. It is estimated that by 2035 the number of diabetics will have...
Background. The incidence of diabetes has been rising rapidly, especially in urbanized countries. It is estimated that by 2035 the number of diabetics will have increased to almost 600 million around the world. There is a substantial amount of evidence which points to proper education as one of the most effective ways of delaying the diabetes-related development of complications. Objective. The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of monitoring blood sugar by diabetic patients and their awareness of nutrition recommendations in diabetes. Materials and methods. The study included 303 patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes. The research tool was a questionnaire based on the KomPAN questionnaire that consisted of a nutrition knowledge test and several questions concerning glycaemic control. The statistical analysis was carried out using the PS IMAGO PRO 5 (IBM SPSS Statistics 25) software. Results. Most of the patients demonstrated a medium level of knowledge - 62% of them provided >50% of the correct answers. Only 8% of the respondents scored >80% of the correct answers. Better test results were achieved by patients with type 1 diabetes. The highest percentage of correct answers was observed in the questions regarding the need to limit sweets or introduce fibre-rich whole-grain products (>90%), the smallest percentage in the questions related to the assessment of carbohydrates and the glycaemic index of selected products (<30%). The majority of the patients checked their blood sugar levels every day, but 6% of them gave up glucose measurements at home. About half of the respondents did not take the HbA1c test - the majority of them were patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusions. The level of knowledge of the examined patients was unsatisfactory and varied with the type of diabetes. Further education of patients about nutrition and glycaemic control is recommended.
Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Female; Glycated Hemoglobin; Glycemic Control; Glycemic Index; Health Education; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Promotion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nutritional Status; Patient Compliance; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 32519814
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2020.0116 -
Arquivos de Neuro-psiquiatria Oct 2016The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and adequate-protein diet is an established, effective nonpharmacologic treatment option for intractable childhood... (Review)
Review
The ketogenic diet (KD), a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, and adequate-protein diet is an established, effective nonpharmacologic treatment option for intractable childhood epilepsy. The KD was developed in 1921 and even though it has been increasingly used worldwide in the past decade, many neurologists are not familiar with this therapeutic approach. In the past few years, alternative and more flexible KD variants have been developed to make the treatment easier and more palatable while reducing side effects and making it available to larger group of refractory epilepsy patients. This review summarizes the history of the KD and the principles and efficacy of the classic ketogenic diet, medium-chain triglyceride(s) (MCT) ketogenic diet, modified Atkins diet, and low glycemic index treatment.
Topics: Diet, Carbohydrate-Restricted; Diet, Ketogenic; Epilepsy; Glycemic Index; Humans; Treatment Outcome; Triglycerides
PubMed: 27759811
DOI: 10.1590/0004-282X20160116 -
Nutrients Feb 2020There is no question that elevated postprandial glycemia is a significant driver of common chronic diseases globally [...].
There is no question that elevated postprandial glycemia is a significant driver of common chronic diseases globally [...].
Topics: Diet, Healthy; Dietary Carbohydrates; Glycemic Index; Humans; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 32093020
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020536 -
Diabetes Care Dec 2008To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically tabulate published and unpublished sources of reliable glycemic index (GI) values.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A literature search identified 205 articles published between 1981 and 2007. Unpublished data were also included where the data quality could be verified. The data were separated into two lists: the first representing more precise data derived from testing healthy subjects and the second primarily from individuals with impaired glucose metabolism.
RESULTS
The tables, which are available in the online-only appendix, list the GI of over 2,480 individual food items. Dairy products, legumes, and fruits were found to have a low GI. Breads, breakfast cereals, and rice, including whole grain, were available in both high and low GI versions. The correlation coefficient for 20 staple foods tested in both healthy and diabetic subjects was r = 0.94 (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS
These tables improve the quality and quantity of GI data available for research and clinical practice.
Topics: Diet, Diabetic; Dietary Carbohydrates; Food; Glycemic Index; Humans; Reference Standards
PubMed: 18835944
DOI: 10.2337/dc08-1239 -
Advances in Clinical and Experimental... Nov 2019Over the past 30 years, a significant increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) has been observed. It is associated with more frequent occurrence of impaired... (Review)
Review
Over the past 30 years, a significant increase in the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) has been observed. It is associated with more frequent occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance, diabetes, excessive weight, cardiovascular diseases, and endocrine disorders. The results of current studies do not indicate a necessity to exclude dairy products from the diet of insulin-resistant individuals. In addition, it has been found that moderate amounts of alcohol as part of a balanced, low-energy diet do not have a negative effect on insulin sensitivity. The authors of recent studies emphasize the importance of reducing the intake of simple sugars, especially from sweet drinks, sweets and excessive fruit juice consuption. Many studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of consuming complex, low-glycemic-index carbohydrates that are rich in dietary fiber. An insulin-resistant patient's diet should be rich in whole grains and high amounts of non-starchy vegetables and raw fruit. The beneficial effect of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet) and the Mediterranean diet has been confirmed. The positive correlation between low-carbohydrate and very-low-carbohydrate diets requires confirmation in long-term studies with the participation of insulin-resistant patients. Research shows the benefits of increased calorific intake during the first half of the day, especially from a high-energy and low-glycemic-index breakfast. Furthermore, many researchers indicate that slow and mindful eating is a significant component of an appropriate diet for insulin-resistant individuals.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Glycemic Index; Humans; Insulin; Insulin Resistance; Vegetables
PubMed: 31756065
DOI: 10.17219/acem/109976 -
The Role of Health Literacy in Diabetes Knowledge, Self-Care, and Glycemic Control: a Meta-analysis.Journal of General Internal Medicine Jun 2019Empirical evidence on how health literacy affects diabetes outcomes is inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize the findings on... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Empirical evidence on how health literacy affects diabetes outcomes is inconsistent. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to quantitatively summarize the findings on the associations between health literacy and diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, and glycemic control as disease-related outcomes, with specific focus on the type of health literacy assessment.
DATA SOURCES
Nine databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, Communication and Mass Media Complete, PsychInfo, PsychArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ERIC, Sociology, Embase) were searched for peer-reviewed original research articles published until 31 March 2018.
METHODS
Studies with type 1 and/or type 2 diabetes patients aged 18 or older, providing a calculable baseline effect size for functional health literacy and diabetes knowledge, self-care activities, or HbA1C were included.
RESULTS
The meta-analysis includes 61 studies with a total of 18,905 patients. The majority were conducted in the USA, on type 2 diabetes patients, and used the S-TOFHLA as a performance-based or the BHLS as a perception-based measure of functional health literacy. Meta-analytic results show that all three outcomes are related to health literacy. Diabetes knowledge was best predicted by performance-based health literacy measures, self-care by self-report measures, and glycemic control equally by both types of health literacy assessment.
DISCUSSION
Health literacy plays a substantial role in diabetes knowledge. Findings for the role of health literacy in self-care and glycemic control remain heterogeneous, partly due to the type of health literacy assessment (performance- vs. perception-based). This has implications for the use of health literacy measures in clinical settings and original research. This meta-analysis was limited to functional health literacy and, due to the paucity of studies, did not investigate the role of other dimensions including communicative and critical health literacy.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glycemic Index; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; Health Literacy; Humans; Self Care
PubMed: 30877457
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-019-04832-y -
Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2021Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. It is assumed that the main etiological factors acne are considered to...
Acne is one of the most common dermatological conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. It is assumed that the main etiological factors acne are considered to be the excessive production of sebum and hormones, and the colonisation of P. acnes bacteria. The relationship between diet and acne lesions is still the subject of debate and scientific criticism. On the one hand, studies suggest that an elimination diet is of no benefit in the treatment of acne, while other studies indicate that there is a close a close relationship between diet and the occurrence of acne lesions. Already in the 1970s, some scientists claimed that the course of acne could be modified by specific dietary components. Several studies have confirmed, among others, the role of a diet with a high glycemic index diet in acne exacerbation and suggested that a low glycemic index diet for several weeks may lead to a reduction in the number of acne lesions. The effect of milk consumption was also investigated in terms for its potential role in acne pathogenesis, including its ability to increase insulin levels. In the last decade, studies have also emerged to determine the effect of dark chocolate on the exacerbation of acne symptoms. To date, it has not been conclusively established which component of chocolate may have a potentially adverse effects on the course of acne. The article summaries the current knowledge on the relationship between diet and acne lesions, and discusses the results of recent studies on selected dietary components that may exacerbate acne.
Topics: Acne Vulgaris; Animals; Chocolate; Diet; Glycemic Index; Humans; Milk
PubMed: 34114770
DOI: 10.32394/rpzh.2021.0164 -
Current Nutrition Reports Sep 2019This review summarizes a selection of epidemiologic research assessing the associations between carbohydrate intake and cancer incidence and survival. Evidence for... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review summarizes a selection of epidemiologic research assessing the associations between carbohydrate intake and cancer incidence and survival. Evidence for plausible biological mechanisms is also considered.
RECENT FINDINGS
The mechanistic paradigm explaining the relationship between carbohydrates and cancer risk has been contested by numerous observational studies. Carbohydrates have conventionally been ascribed a deleterious role in the field of cancer research due to previous preclinical findings. A breadth of studies suggests that complex carbohydrate intake is inversely associated with risk of a number of cancer types. Data from studies assessing simple carbohydrates and cancer risk are mixed. Furthermore, recommendations for subsequent studies are framed.
Topics: Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fiber; Glucose; Glycemic Index; Humans; Incidence; Neoplasms; Risk Factors
PubMed: 30895469
DOI: 10.1007/s13668-019-0264-3