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Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2019Exercise therapy plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The mechanism of exercise therapy in the improvement of glycolipid... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Exercise therapy plays an important role in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). The mechanism of exercise therapy in the improvement of glycolipid metabolism of T2DM is very complex and not completely clear.
SUMMARY
Exercise training improves the whole body metabolic health in patients with T2DM, leading to an increase in glycolipid uptake and utilization, improved insulin sensitivity, optimized body mass index, and modulated DNA methylation, etc. Recent findings support that some cytokines such as irisin, osteocalcin, and adiponectin are closely related to exercise and metabolic diseases. This study briefly reviews the physiological mechanisms of exercise therapy in diabetes and the potential role of these cytokines in exercise. Key Messages: More high-quality, targeted, randomized controlled studies are needed urgently, from mechanism study to treatment direction, to provide a more theoretical basis for exercise therapy and to explore new therapeutic targets for diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Exercise Therapy; Glycolipids; Humans
PubMed: 31013502
DOI: 10.1159/000500110 -
FEBS Letters Apr 2018Various yeasts, both conventional and exotic ones, are known to produce compounds useful to mankind. Ethanol is the most known of these compounds, but more complex... (Review)
Review
Various yeasts, both conventional and exotic ones, are known to produce compounds useful to mankind. Ethanol is the most known of these compounds, but more complex molecules such as amphiphilic biosurfactants can also be derived from eukaryotic microorganisms at an industrially and commercially relevant scale. Among them, glycolipids are the most promising, due to their attractive properties and high product titers. Many of these compounds can be considered as secondary metabolites with a specific function for the host. Hence, a dedicated biosynthetic process enables regulation and combines pathways delivering the lipidic moiety and the hydrophilic carbohydrate part of the glycolipid. In this Review, we will discuss the biosynthetic and regulatory aspects of the yeast-derived sophorolipids, mannosylerythritol lipids, and cellobiose lipids, with special emphasis on the relation between glycolipid synthesis and the general lipid metabolism.
Topics: Glycolipids; Oleic Acids; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 29067677
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12888 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jun 2007Glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) are small (24 kDa), soluble, ubiquitous proteins characterized by their ability to accelerate the intermembrane transfer of... (Review)
Review
Glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) are small (24 kDa), soluble, ubiquitous proteins characterized by their ability to accelerate the intermembrane transfer of glycolipids in vitro. GLTP specificity encompasses both sphingoid- and glycerol-based glycolipids, but with a strict requirement that the initial sugar residue be beta-linked to the hydrophobic lipid backbone. The 3D architecture of GLTP reveals liganded structures with unique lipid-binding modes. The biochemical properties of GLTP action at the membrane surface have been studied rather comprehensively, but the biological role of GLTP remains enigmatic. What is clear is that GLTP differs distinctly from other known glycolipid-binding proteins, such as nonspecific lipid transfer proteins, lysosomal sphingolipid activator proteins, lectins, lung surfactant proteins as well as other lipid-binding/transfer proteins. Based on the unique conformational architecture that targets GLTP to membranes and enables glycolipid binding, GLTP is now considered the prototypical and founding member of a new protein superfamily in eukaryotes.
Topics: Animals; Binding Sites; Carrier Proteins; Cattle; Crystallography, X-Ray; Glycolipids; Humans; Lactosylceramides; Lipid Bilayers; Models, Chemical; Models, Molecular; Protein Conformation; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 17320476
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2007.01.011 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2015Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are a glycolipid class of biosurfactants produced by a variety yeast and fungal strains that exhibit excellent interfacial and... (Review)
Review
Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are a glycolipid class of biosurfactants produced by a variety yeast and fungal strains that exhibit excellent interfacial and biochemical properties. MEL-producing fungi were identified using an efficient screening method for the glycolipid production and taxonomical classification on the basis of ribosomal RNA sequences. MEL production is limited primarily to the genus Pseudozyma, with significant variability among the MEL structures produced by each species. Outside of Pseudozyma, one recently isolated strain, Ustilago scitaminea, has been shown to exhibit abundant MEL-B production from sugarcane juice. Structural analyses of these compounds suggest a role for MELs in numerous cosmetic applications. MELs act as effective topical moisturizers and can repair damaged hair. Furthermore, these compounds have been shown to exhibit both protective and healing activities, to activate fibroblasts and papilla cells, and to act as natural antioxidants. In this review, we provide a brief summary of MEL research over the past few decades, focusing on the identification of MEL-producing fungi, the structural characterization of MELs, the use of alternative compounds as a primary carbon source, and the use of these compounds in cosmetic applications.
Topics: Antioxidants; Cosmetics; Cytoprotection; Epidermal Cells; Epidermis; Fibroblasts; Glycolipids; Humans; RNA, Fungal; RNA, Ribosomal; Sequence Analysis, RNA; Surface-Active Agents; Ustilaginales
PubMed: 25748373
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess14185 -
Journal of Oleo Science Jun 2018Also recognized as carbohydrate liquid crystals, glycolipids are amphiphiles whose basic unit comprises of a sugar group attached to an alkyl chain. Glycolipids are... (Review)
Review
Also recognized as carbohydrate liquid crystals, glycolipids are amphiphiles whose basic unit comprises of a sugar group attached to an alkyl chain. Glycolipids are amphitropic, which means these materials form liquid crystal self-assemblies when dry (thermotropic) as well as when dissolved in solvents (lyotropic/surfactants) such as water. Many glycolipids are also naturally derived since these can be found in cell membranes. Their membrane and surfactant functions are largely understood through their lyotropic properties. While glycolipids are expected to play major roles as eco-friendly surfactants in the global surfactant market, their usefulness as thermotropic liquid crystal material is, to date, unknown, due to relatively lack of research performed and data reported in the literature. Understandably since glycolipids are hygroscopic with many hydroxy groups, removing the last trace water is very challenging. In recent time, with careful lyophilization and more consistent characterization technique, some researchers have attempted serious studies into "dry" or anhydrous glycolipids. Motivated by possible developments of novel thermotropic applications, some results from these studies also provide surprising new understanding to support conventional wisdom of the lyotropic systems. Here we review the dry state of glycosides, a family of glycolipids whose sugar headgroup is linked to the lipid chain via a glycosidic oxygen linker. The structure property relationship of both linear and anhydrous Guerbet glycosides will be examined. In particular, how the variation of sugar stereochemistry (e.g. anomer vs. epimer), the chain length and chain branching affect the formation of thermotropic liquid crystals phases, which not only located under equilibrium but also far from equilibrium conditions (glassy phase) are scrutinized. The dry glycolipid assembly has been subjected to electric and magnetic fields and the results show interesting behaviors including a possible transient current generation.
Topics: Carbohydrates; Electromagnetic Fields; Freeze Drying; Glycolipids; Glycosides; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Liquid Crystals; Molecular Conformation; Solvents; Stereoisomerism; Surface-Active Agents; Temperature; Water
PubMed: 29760332
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17261 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) on growth and glycolipid metabolism, as well as the underlying mechanism.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) on growth and glycolipid metabolism, as well as the underlying mechanism.
METHODS
A mouse model of IGF2 overexpression was constructed to measure weight gain before adulthood, to obtain the values of adult glycolipid metabolism indicators in the peripheral blood and to detect the expression of genes in the IGF2 signaling pathway in different mouse tissues. The present study also explored the independent association between the IGF2 gene and macrosomia by detecting and comparing the expression levels of IGF2 mRNA/H19 RNA in maternal peripheral blood and fetal cord blood of 26 human pregnancies.
RESULTS
In the mouse model, weights of the IGF2-overexpressing mice were significantly higher than those of the control mice at the age of 5-10 weeks. The glucose concentration, total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels of IGF2-overexpressing mice were significantly lower than those of wild-type (WT) mice. Compared with the WT mice, the expression of H19 was significantly decreased in the pancreas and IGF1R was significantly decreased in the muscle of mice with IGF2 overexpression. The expression levels of STAT3 and AKT2 showed significant decrease in liver, muscle and increase in muscle of IGF2-overexpressing mice, respectively. GLUT2 expression showed significant increase in liver, kidney, muscle and decrease in pancreas of mice with IGF2 overexpression. This study also found that in normal mothers with the similar clinical characteristics, IGF2 expression in the maternal peripheral blood and fetal cord blood is an independent factor influencing macrosomia.
CONCLUSION
IGF2 expression was independently correlated with the occurrence of macrosomia, and overexpression of IGF2 significantly increased the weights of mice at the age of 5-10 weeks and significantly affected the values of adult glycolipid metabolism indicators, which might be the result of changes in the IGF2-IGF1R-STAT3/AKT2-GLUT2/GLUT4 pathway. These findings might suggest that IGF2 plays an important role in growth and glycolipid metabolism during both pregnancy and postnatal development.
Topics: Animals; Female; Mice; Body Weight; Glycolipids; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Gene Expression Regulation
PubMed: 37152930
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1030453 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2021Biosurfactants produced by a variety of microorganisms show attractive properties (e.g., higher surface activity and biodegradability, lower toxicity, and environmental... (Review)
Review
Biosurfactants produced by a variety of microorganisms show attractive properties (e.g., higher surface activity and biodegradability, lower toxicity, and environmental compatibility) compared to chemically synthesized counterparts. The numerous advantages of biosurfactants have prompted their application to not only the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, but agriculture and environmental protection disciplines as well. Among different types of biosurfactants, glycolipids are the most practically useful, due to their high product titers from renewable resources and versatile interfacial and biochemical properties. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MELs) are characteristic glycolipid biosurfactants that are produced by different yeast strains of the genus Pseudozyma. MELs exhibit different lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, such as sponge (L), reverse bicontinuous cubic (V), or lamellar (L) phases; and they have high levels of surface activity at very low concentrations. MELs also show excellent moisturizing effects on human skin and hair, with comparable performance to natural ceramides. Today, MELs are commercially produced by a Japanese company and their use is rapidly expanding around the world. In this review, we will briefly describe the current R&D status of glycolipid biosurfactants, with a focus on the interfacial properties of MELs and their applications in cosmetic and personal care products.
Topics: Basidiomycota; Biochemical Phenomena; Cosmetics; Glycolipids; Liquid Crystals; Surface-Active Agents
PubMed: 35013030
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21358 -
Biomolecules Jun 2023Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) bilayer by covalent linkage to a typical... (Review)
Review
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (APs) are anchored at the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) bilayer by covalent linkage to a typical glycolipid and expressed in all eukaryotic organisms so far studied. Lipolytic release from PMs into extracellular compartments and intercellular transfer are regarded as the main (patho)physiological roles exerted by GPI-APs. The intercellular transfer of GPI-APs relies on the complete GPI anchor and is mediated by extracellular vesicles such as microvesicles and exosomes and lipid-free homo- or heteromeric aggregates, and lipoprotein-like particles such as prostasomes and surfactant-like particles, or lipid-containing micelle-like complexes. In mammalian organisms, non-vesicular transfer is controlled by the distance between donor and acceptor cells/tissues; intrinsic conditions such as age, metabolic state, and stress; extrinsic factors such as GPI-binding proteins; hormones such as insulin; and drugs such as anti-diabetic sulfonylureas. It proceeds either "directly" upon close neighborhood or contact of donor and acceptor cells or "indirectly" as a consequence of the induced lipolytic release of GPI-APs from PMs. Those displace from the serum GPI-binding proteins GPI-APs, which have retained the complete anchor, and become assembled in aggregates or micelle-like complexes. Importantly, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs has been shown to induce specific phenotypes such as stimulation of lipid and glycogen synthesis, in cultured human adipocytes, blood cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. As a consequence, intercellular transfer of GPI-APs should be regarded as non-genetic inheritance of (acquired) features between somatic cells which is based on the biogenesis and transmission of matter such as GPI-APs and "membrane landscapes", rather than the replication and transmission of information such as DNA. Its operation in mammalian organisms remains to be clarified.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Glycosylphosphatidylinositols; Micelles; Lipolysis; Cell Membrane; Glycolipids; Mammals
PubMed: 37371574
DOI: 10.3390/biom13060994 -
Nature Communications Apr 2023Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often studied outside the context of a lipid...
Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often studied outside the context of a lipid bilayer, missing the complex behaviors of glycolipids in a membrane. Through optimizing a liposomal formulation to dissect Siglec-glycolipid interactions, it is shown that Siglec-6 can recognize glycolipids independent of its canonical binding pocket, suggesting that Siglec-6 possesses a secondary binding pocket tailored for recognizing glycolipids in a bilayer. A panel of synthetic neoglycolipids is used to probe the specificity of this glycolipid binding pocket on Siglec-6, leading to the development of a neoglycolipid with higher avidity for Siglec-6 compared to natural glycolipids. This neoglycolipid facilitates the delivery of liposomes to Siglec-6 on human mast cells, memory B-cells and placental syncytiotrophoblasts. A physiological relevance for glycolipid recognition by Siglec-6 is revealed for the binding and internalization of extracellular vesicles. These results demonstrate a unique and physiologically relevant ability of Siglec-6 to recognize glycolipids in a membrane.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Extracellular Vesicles; Glycolipids; Liposomes; Mast Cells; Memory B Cells; Placenta; Sialic Acid Binding Immunoglobulin-like Lectins
PubMed: 37087495
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38030-6 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Glycolipids; Humans; Mycobacterium; Mycobacterium Infections
PubMed: 33133110
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603900