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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020Cobb broilers (COBB) have been heavily selected for their production performance in the past several decades, while the Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) chickens, a...
Cobb broilers (COBB) have been heavily selected for their production performance in the past several decades, while the Athens Canadian Random Bred (ACRB) chickens, a meat-type breed, have been kept as a non-selected control strain. The purpose of this study was to compare these two lines of chickens at late embryonic development and identify the molecular markers and fatty acid profiles underlining their differences in growth performance due to selection. Fertilized eggs of the ACRB ( = 6) and COBB ( = 6) were used at 14 and 18 embryonic days. Genes involved in lipogenesis and myogenesis were measured using quantitative real-time reverse transcroption-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and fatty acid (FA) compositions of egg yolk, muscle, and liver were measured using gas chromatography. COBB had higher egg weight, embryo weight, and breast and fat ratio. The gene expression in the liver showed an interaction between age and breed on expression, with the highest level in COBB at E18. ACRB had higher and expression, but lower expression compared to COBB. No difference was found in myogenesis gene expression in the muscle between two breeds. For the FA composition, muscle was largely affected by both breed and age. Yolk and liver were affected mainly by breed and age, respectively. Constant interaction effects in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), indicating the highest level in all the tested tissues of ACRB at E14 and the constant main effects with higher myristic, palmitic, and gondoic, but lower linolenic acid in the liver and yolk of COBB compared to the levels in those of ACRB. Finally, fat accumulation in the liver had no obvious difference between the breeds but was higher when embryo was older. In conclusion, broiler breed affects egg, embryo, and tissue weight, as well as FA composition in initial egg yolk and throughout the embryonic development. The highest docosahexaenoic percentage was observed in ACRB, indicating that genetic selection may result in fatty acid profile changes such as lower DHA content in chicken tissues and eggs.
PubMed: 32671107
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00317 -
RSC Advances Sep 2021Biodiesel plants are struggling to find value added applications for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). One option for FAME valorization would be dibasic esters, which can...
Biodiesel plants are struggling to find value added applications for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). One option for FAME valorization would be dibasic esters, which can be transesterified with 2-ethylhexyl (2EH) or other alcohols to produce lubricant basestocks and achieve the most widespread viscosity grades VG46 and VG32. Biocatalytic, metathesis and other synthetic pathways are available to produce dibasic esters. Using a ruthenium-based catalyst, methyl oleate was converted into monounsaturated dibasic ester by metathesis and reached VG22 after transesterification with 2EH in this investigation. Synthesized 2EH esters of other dibasic acids showed distinct viscometric trends. Their correlation implied that FAME from gondoic and erucic acids should result in VG32 and VG46 respectively, if converted into 2EH dibasic esters. Pour points demonstrated excellent low temperature fluidity and resistance to heat thinning when monounsaturation was retained. Oxidative stability properties remained acceptable, volatility was lower than that of VG46 mineral oils. Mixed alcohols, acids and esters can also be used for meeting VG specifications or achieving higher biobased contents. Currently petrochemical ester basestocks dominate in high performance hydraulic fluids (HF). However, fractionation of FAME into high-erucic/gondoic esters in biodiesel plants can produce a valuable biobased feedstock for large volume manufacture of HF and other lubricants.
PubMed: 35498951
DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04045f -
Poultry Science Jul 2023Approaches for the diagnosis of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in live birds are urgently required before applying intervention strategies to reduce occurrence and severity...
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals circulating biomarkers related to wooden breast myopathy in broilers: a preliminary study.
Approaches for the diagnosis of wooden breast (WB) myopathy in live birds are urgently required before applying intervention strategies to reduce occurrence and severity for the poultry industry. The objective of this study was to characterize the serum metabolic profiles in male broilers affected by WB and to identify biomarkers related to this myopathy. Broilers were categorized into normal (CON) and WB groups based on gross scoring and histological evaluation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, multivariate analysis, and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis revealed a clear separation between CON and WB. A total of 73 significantly different (P < 0.05) metabolites with 17 upregulated and 56 downregulated were identified, which were mainly involved in pathways of alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. By using the nested cross-validation function of random forest analysis, 9 significantly altered (P < 0.05) metabolites (cerotinic acid, arabitol, phosphoenolpyruvate, terephthalic acid, cis-gondoic acid, N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, 4-hydroxymandelic acid, caffeine, and xanthurenic acid) were identified as biomarkers with an excellent discriminant performance for WB myopathy. Collectively, this study provides new insights for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis and provides metabolites as biomarkers for diagnostic utilization of WB myopathy.
Topics: Male; Animals; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Chickens; Muscular Diseases; Metabolomics; Biomarkers
PubMed: 37141813
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102718 -
Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Sep 2012The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid profiles in 18 soybean cultivars grown in Korea. A total of eleven fatty acids were identified in the sample...
The purpose of this study was to investigate the fatty acid profiles in 18 soybean cultivars grown in Korea. A total of eleven fatty acids were identified in the sample set, which was comprised of myristic (C14:0), palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1, ω7), stearic (C18:0), oleic (C18:1, ω9), linoleic (C18:2, ω6), linolenic (C18:3, ω3), arachidic (C20:0), gondoic (C20:1, ω9), behenic (C22:0), and lignoceric (C24:0) acids by gas-liquid chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Based on their color, yellow-, black-, brown-, and green-colored cultivars were denoted. Correlation coefficients (r) between the nine major fatty acids identified (two trace fatty acids, myristic and palmitoleic, were not included in the study) were generated and revealed an inverse association between oleic and linoleic acids (r=-0.94, p<0.05), while stearic acid was positively correlated to arachidic acid (r=0.72, p<0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the fatty acid data yielded four significant principal components (PCs; i.e., eigenvalues>1), which together account for 81.49% of the total variance in the data set; with PC1 contributing 28.16% of the total. Eigen analysis of the correlation matrix loadings of the four significant PCs revealed that PC1 was mainly contributed to by oleic, linoleic, and gondoic acids, PC2 by stearic, linolenic and arachidic acids, PC3 by behenic and lignoceric acids, and PC4 by palmitic acid. The score plots generated between PC1-PC2 and PC3-PC4 segregated soybean cultivars based on fatty acid composition.
PubMed: 24471082
DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2012.17.3.184 -
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis Nov 2018Biotechnological strategies using renewable materials as starting substrates are a promising alternative to traditional oleochemical processes for the isolation of...
Biotechnological strategies using renewable materials as starting substrates are a promising alternative to traditional oleochemical processes for the isolation of different fatty acids. Among them, long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids are especially interesting in industrial lipid modification, since they are precursors of several economically relevant products, including detergents, plastics and lubricants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop an enzymatic method in order to increase the percentage of long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids from and oil ethyl ester derivatives, by using selective lipases. Specifically, the focus was on the enrichment of gondoic (C20:1 Δ11) and erucic acid (C22:1 Δ13) from and oil derivatives, respectively. The pursuit of this goal entailed several steps, including: (i) the choice of a suitable lipase scaffold to serve as a protein engineering template ( lipase A); (ii) the identification of potential amino acid targets to disrupt the binding tunnel at the adequate location; (iii) the design, creation and high-throughput screening of lipase mutant libraries; (iv) the study of the selectivity towards different chain length -nitrophenyl fatty acid esters of the best hits found, as well as the analysis of the contribution of each amino acid change and the outcome of combining several of the aforementioned residue alterations and, finally, (v) the selection and application of the most promising candidates for the fatty acid enrichment biocatalysis. As a result, enrichment of C22:1 from ethyl esters was achieved either, in the free fatty acid fraction (wt, 78%) or in the esterified fraction (variants V1, 77%; V9, 78% and V19, 74%). Concerning the enrichment of C20:1 when oil ethyl esters were used as substrate, the best variant was the single mutant V290W, which doubled its content in the esterified fraction from approximately 15% to 34%. A moderately lower increase was achieved by V9 and its two derived triple mutant variants V19 and V20 (27%).
PubMed: 30555288
DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201800889 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2017Soybean is an important economic crop that is continually threatened by abiotic stresses, especially salt stress. Wild soybean is an important germplasm resource for the...
Soybean is an important economic crop that is continually threatened by abiotic stresses, especially salt stress. Wild soybean is an important germplasm resource for the breeding of cultivated soybean. The root system plays a very important role in plant salt tolerance. To explore the salt tolerance-related mechanisms among , we have demonstrated the seedling roots' growth and metabolomics in wild soybean, semi-wild soybean, and cultivated soybean under two types of salt stress by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We characterized 47 kinds of differential metabolites under neutral salt stress, and isoleucine, serine, l-allothreonine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, asparagines, aspartic acid, pentadecanoic acid, lignoceric acid, oleic acid, galactose, tagatose, d-arabitol, dihydroxyacetone, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and glucuronic acid increased significantly in the roots of wild soybean seedlings. However, these metabolites were suppressed in semi-wild and cultivated soybeans. Amino acid, fatty acid, sugars, and organic acid synthesis and the secondary metabolism of antioxidants increased significantly in the roots of wild soybean seedling. Under alkaline salt stress, wild soybean contained significantly higher amounts of proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, l-allothreonine, isoleucine, serine, alanine, arachidic acid, oleic acid, cis-gondoic acid, fumaric acid, l-malic acid, citric acid, malonic acid, gluconic acid, 5-methoxytryptamine, salicylic acid, and fluorene than semi-wild and cultivated soybeans. Our study demonstrated that carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and receiver operating characteristics (especially the metabolism of phenolic substances) of the seedling roots were important to resisting salt stress and showed a regular decreasing trend from wild soybean to cultivated soybean. The metabolomics's changes were critical factors in the evolution of salt tolerance among . This study provides new insights into salt tolerance in soybean, and presents quantitative parameters for a salt tolerant soybean breeding system, which is conducive to the rational use and protection of wild soybean resources.
PubMed: 28690628
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01101 -
Journal of Dairy Science Dec 2020Analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the lipid profile of 3 lactic acid bacteria strains. By gas...
Analysis by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to characterize the lipid profile of 3 lactic acid bacteria strains. By gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, 23 fatty acids were identified. Dominant acids were palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1), and α-linoleic acid (C18:3n-3) for Lactobacillus paracasei; for Lactococcus lactis they were palmitic (C16:0), gondoic (C20:1), myristoleic (C14:1), and eicosadienoic acid (C20:2), respectively; and in the case of Lactobacillus curvatus were C18:1, C18:2n-6, and C16:0, respectively. The effect of the medium on fatty acid composition was also determined. In addition, the fatty acid profile was also compared using MALDI MS analysis. The MALDI-TOF MS was used for qualitative analysis and identification of bacterial lipids. Phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, triacylglycerols, and ceramides were the most abundant species in lactic acid bacteria. One hundred different combinations of fatty acids in polar and nonpolar lipids have been identified, including 11 phospholipids (18 phosphatidylglycerol, 16 phosphatidylethanolamine, 10 phosphatidylinositol, 8 phosphatidylcholine, 4 lyso-phosphatidylethanolamine, 3 lyso-phosphatidylcholine, 3 phosphatidylserine, 1 lyso-phosphatidic acid, 1 lyso-phosphatidylglycerol, 1 lyso-phoshatidylinositol, and 1 phosphatidic acid), 23 triacylglycerols, 9 ceramides, and 2 sphingomyelin. The most abundant fatty acids identified were C16:0, C16:1, C18:0, and C18:3. Obtained lipid profiles allowed to distinguish the tested bacterial strains.
Topics: Ceramides; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lactobacillales; Lasers; Lipidomics; Lipids; Phospholipids; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Triglycerides
PubMed: 33041037
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18753 -
The Journal of Nutrition Sep 2020The role of fatty acids (FAs) on mammographic density (MD) is unclear, and available studies are based on self-reported dietary intake.
BACKGROUND
The role of fatty acids (FAs) on mammographic density (MD) is unclear, and available studies are based on self-reported dietary intake.
OBJECTIVES
This study assessed the association between specific serum phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and MD in premenopausal women.
METHODS
The cross-sectional study DDM-Madrid recruited 1392 Spanish premenopausal women, aged 39-50 y, who attended a screening in a breast radiodiagnosis unit of Madrid City Council. Women completed lifestyle questionnaires and FFQs. Percentage MD was estimated using a validated computer tool (DM-Scan), and serum PLFA percentages were measured by GC-MS. Multivariable linear regression models were used to quantify the association of FA tertiles with MD. Models were adjusted for age, education, BMI, waist circumference, parity, oral contraceptive use, previous breast biopsies, and energy intake, and they were corrected for multiple testing.
RESULTS
Women in the third tertile of SFAs showed significantly higher MD compared with those in the first tertile (βT3vsT1 = 7.53; 95% CI: 5.44, 9.61). Elevated relative concentrations of palmitoleic (βT3vsT1 = 3.12; 95% CI: 0.99, 5.25) and gondoic (βT3vsT1 = 2.67; 95% CI: 0.57, 4.77) MUFAs, as well as high relative concentrations of palmitelaidic (βT3vsT1 = 5.22; 95% CI: 3.15, 7.29) and elaidic (βT3vsT1 = 2.69; 95% CI: 0.59, 4.79) trans FAs, were also associated with higher MD. On the contrary, women with elevated relative concentrations of n-6 (ω-6) linoleic (βT3vsT1 = -5.49; 95% CI; -7.62, -3.35) and arachidonic (βT3vsT1 = -4.68; 95% CI: -6.79, -2.58) PUFAs showed lower MD. Regarding desaturation indices, an elevated palmitoleic to palmitic ratio and a low ratio of oleic to steric and arachidonic to dihomo-γ-linolenic acids were associated with higher MD.
CONCLUSIONS
Spanish premenopausal women with high relative concentrations of most SFAs and some MUFAs and trans FAs showed an increased MD, whereas those with high relative concentrations of some n-6 PUFAs presented lower density. These results, which should be confirmed in further studies, underscore the importance of analyzing serum FAs individually.
Topics: Adult; Breast Density; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Phospholipids; Premenopause
PubMed: 32584993
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa168 -
Heliyon Oct 2020is a deciduous tree, popular in temperate regions for its ornamental value, which accumulates unusual cyanolipids in its seeds. The seed oil of this plant is rich in...
is a deciduous tree, popular in temperate regions for its ornamental value, which accumulates unusual cyanolipids in its seeds. The seed oil of this plant is rich in the unusual cis-11-eicosenoic fatty acid (20:1, or gondoic acid), a monounsaturated oil of interest to the oleochemical industry. In higher plants, de novo fatty acid biosynthesis takes place in the plastids, a process that is terminated by hydrolysis of the thioester bond between the acyl moiety and the ACP by acyl-ACP thioesterases. The specificity of acyl-ACP thioesterases is fundamental in controlling the fatty acid composition of seed oil. To determine the mechanisms involved in fatty acid biosynthesis in seeds, we isolated, cloned and sequenced two cDNAs encoding acyl-ACP thioesterases in this plant, FatA and FatB. Both of them were expressed heterologously in and characterized with different acyl-ACP substrates. The FatB2 displayed unusual substrate specificity, so that unlike most FatB2 type enzymes, it displayed preference for oleoyl-ACP instead of palmitoyl-ACP. This specificity was consistent with the changes in and fatty acid composition following heterologous expression of this enzyme. FatB also showed certain genetic divergence relative to other FatB-type thioesterases and when modelled, its structure revealed differences at the active site. Together, these results suggest that this thioesterase could be a new class of FatB not described previously.
PubMed: 33102858
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05237 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a severe economic and public-health problem for cattle producers. The emergence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical...
BACKGROUND
Ticks and tick-borne diseases are a severe economic and public-health problem for cattle producers. The emergence of acaricide resistance to synthetic chemical treatments has prompted interest in developing alternative tick control methods.
AIM
The main objective of the current research was to identify the chemical structure of and seed oils and to assess their anti-tick properties against ticks both alone and in combination (1:1).
METHODS
Analytical methods were used to analyze the chemical components. For assays, adults of were immersed in and seed oils at 100, 125, 200, and 300 mg/ml concentrations; for 5 minutes. Larvae of were dipped in 25, 50, 100, 125, 200, and 300 mg/ml doses of seed oils; the mortality percentage was determined after 24 hours.
RESULTS
The seed oil safflower was mainly composed of linoleic acid (84.48%), followed by palmitic acid (6.54%) and stearic acid (3.77%). Meanwhile, watercress seed oil was mainly composed of linolenic acid (50.78%), gondoic acid (13.57%), linoleic acid (10.58%), palmitic acid (8.02%), and erucidic acid (6.62%). The Adults Immersion Test showed the sensitivity of ticks to and seed oil: seed oil caused (95%) mortality of at 300 mg/ml, while seed oil induced (88.68%) mortality at the same concentration. At a 200 mg/ml concentration, and oil combined caused 100% mortality. Tested oils showed larvicidal efficacy LC50 values for and seed oils were 84.16 and 61.78 mg/ml, respectively, in 24 hours. LC50 value of oils association (50% 50% ) was 47.96 mg/ml.The mixture of seed oils from two plants tested against larvae and adult females at a 1:1 ratio showed synergistic interaction.
CONCLUSION
Seed oils tested alone, and the mixture could be used as an alternative solution in the fight against ticks.
Topics: Animals; Carthamus tinctorius; Female; Ixodidae; Linoleic Acid; Nasturtium; Palmitic Acid; Plant Oils; Rhipicephalus
PubMed: 35342738
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i1.10