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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1989There are four currently recognized taxa to accommodate the avian haemophili: Haemophilus paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium, Pasteurella volantium, and Pasteurella... (Review)
Review
There are four currently recognized taxa to accommodate the avian haemophili: Haemophilus paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium, Pasteurella volantium, and Pasteurella species A (the last three being formerly united as Haemophilus avium). A range of other taxa has also been recognized, but they have been neither named nor assigned to a genus. All of these various taxa, legitimate and otherwise, have the common characteristic of requiring V factor, but not X factor, for in vitro growth. Several recent studies have established the phenotypic properties that allow the differentiation of the recognized taxa, both named and unnamed. The serological properties of H. paragallinarum, the causative agent of infectious coryza of chickens, has received considerable recent attention. In contrast, many questions on the pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms of H. paragallinarum remain unanswered. Another area requiring further work is the identification of those antigens responsible for inducing protective immunity in vaccinated or naturally infected chickens.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Phenotype; Serologic Tests; Vaccination; Virulence
PubMed: 2670190
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.2.3.270 -
Poultry Science Jan 2022Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. Recently, the prevalence of IC has increased in China. In this study, to clarify the...
Infectious coryza (IC) is an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. Recently, the prevalence of IC has increased in China. In this study, to clarify the pathogenic mechanism and innate immune response of Avibacterium paragallinarum (A. paragallinarum), an infection experiment with A. paragallinarum was conducted. Our results showed that the whole course of IC was approximately 7 d. The clinical signs score was highest at 3 dpi and decreased from 5 dpi. A large amount of mucus and exudates was found in the infraorbital sinuses and nasal cavity. The A. paragallinarum contents in blood remained the highest, reaching 9.16 × 10 CFU/g at 5 dpi, which indicated that A. paragallinarum could rapidly invade the host, replicate in the blood and cause bacteremia. A. paragallinarum targets the upper respiratory tract. The infiltration of inflammatory cells, macrophages, and heterophilic granulocytes was only observed in the nasal cavity and infraorbital sinus. The Tlr4 and Nod1 pathways were activated and induced proinflammatory responses in chickens after infection with A. paragallinarum. The expression of Il1β and Il6 in the nasal cavity was significantly higher than that in the spleen, and it was consistent with the gross lesions and pathological changes. In particular, the expression of Il6 increased 229.07-fold at 1 dpi in the nasal cavity and increased 3.12-fold in the spleen. The high level of proinflammatory cytokines in the nasal cavity at an early stage of infection may be the main factor related to acute upper respiratory inflammation in chickens. These findings provide a reference for the occurrence and development of diseases mediated by A. paragallinarum.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Mucus; Spleen; Virulence
PubMed: 34784516
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101523 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science May 2022Infectious coryza (IC) is an invasive upper respiratory disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum that affects birds, particularly chickens. The objective of this...
BACKGROUND
Infectious coryza (IC) is an invasive upper respiratory disease caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum that affects birds, particularly chickens. The objective of this study is to isolate, characterize and molecularly identify the bacterium A. paragallinarum in poultry birds, as well as to determine its antibiotic sensitivity and resistance.
METHODS
A total of 10 chickens from four different Iranian farms with typical IC symptoms were used in this study. The nasal swabs were streaked onto chocolate agar plates and blood agar plates and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO for 24 to 48 h. As part of the identification of bacteria, bacteriological observations and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing are conducted. The antibiotic sensitivity tests were also performed using the disk diffusion method against A. paragallinarum and the prevalence in different farms was determined.
RESULTS
By using biochemical assays and PCR analyses, seven strains of A. paragallinarum were isolated from samples of four chicken farms with typical IC clinical signs. Most isolates (4/7) showed the typical requirement for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and an enriched CO atmosphere for growth. Three of the seven strains of A. paragallinarum were found to be novel NAD-independent under anaerobic conditions. There was one biochemical biovar identified in terms of carbohydrate fermentation patterns, although changes in maltose carbohydrate fermentation patterns were detected in the No. 5 strain. All isolates were sensitive to gentamicin and spectinomycin. Three novel NAD-independent strains (Nos.1, 5 and 7) were found to be multidrug-resistant (MDR) and resistant to at least three classes of antibiotics. There was greater antibiotic resistance in the three NAD-independent isolates than in normal NAD-dependent bacteria.
CONCLUSION
By discovering NAD-independent forms of A. paragallinarum, these species have a greater range than previously believed. A clear, cautious approach should be taken in diagnosing and possibly controlling IC.
Topics: Agar; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Carbon Dioxide; Chickens; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Iran; NAD; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 35182464
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.754 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jun 2023Avibacterium paragallinarum is the pathogen involved in infectious coryza (IC), an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. The prevalence of IC has...
Avibacterium paragallinarum is the pathogen involved in infectious coryza (IC), an acute infectious upper respiratory disease in chickens. The prevalence of IC has increased in China in recent years. There is a lack of reliable and effective procedures for gene manipulation, which has limited the research on the bacterial genetics and pathogenesis of A. paragallinarum. Natural transformation has been developed as a method of gene manipulation in by the introduction of foreign genes or DNA fragments into bacterial cells, but there has been no report on natural transformation in . In this study, we analyzed the existence of homologous genetic factors and competence proteins underlying natural transformation in and established a method for transformation in it. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified 16 homologs of Haemophilus influenzae competence proteins in . We found that the uptake signal sequence (USS) was overrepresented in the genome of (1,537 to 1,641 copies of the core sequence ACCGCACTT). We then constructed a plasmid, pEA-KU, that carries the USS and a plasmid, pEA-K, without the USS. These plasmids can be transferred via natural transformation into naturally competent strains of . Significantly, the plasmid that carries USS showed a higher transformation efficiency. In summary, our results demonstrate that has the ability to undergo natural transformation. These findings should prove to be a valuable tool for gene manipulation in . Natural transformation is an important mechanism for bacteria to acquire exogenous DNA molecules during the process of evolution. Additionally, it can also be used as a method to introduce foreign genes into bacteria under laboratory conditions. Natural transformation does not require equipment such as an electroporation apparatus. It is easy to perform and is similar to gene transfer under natural conditions. However, there have been no reports on natural transformation in Avibacterium paragallinarum. In this study, we analyzed the presence of homologous genetic factors and competence proteins underlying natural transformation in . Our results indicate that natural competence could be induced in serovars A, B, and C. Furthermore, the method that we established to transform plasmids into naturally competent strains was stable and efficient.
Topics: Animals; Haemophilus Infections; Poultry Diseases; Chickens; Pasteurellaceae; Haemophilus paragallinarum
PubMed: 37212663
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.05209-22 -
Poultry Science Dec 2020The diagnosis of a concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in an infectious coryza-like outbreak in the outskirt of Beijing is...
The diagnosis of a concurrent infection of Avibacterium paragallinarum and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) in an infectious coryza-like outbreak in the outskirt of Beijing is reported. The primary signs of the infection were acute respiratory signs, a drop in egg production, and the presence of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome-like gross lesions. Laboratory examination confirmed the presence of A. paragallinarum by bacterial isolation and a species-specific PCR test. In addition, conventional serotyping identified the isolates as Page serovar A. Fowl adenovirus was isolated from chicken liver specimen and identified by hexon gene amplification. In addition, histopathologic analysis and transmission electron microscopy examination further confirmed the presence of the virus. Both hexon gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis defined the viral isolate as FAdV-4. The pathogenic role of A. paragallinarum and FAdV was evaluated by experimental infection of specific-pathogen-free chickens. The challenge trial showed that combined A. paragallinarum and FAdV infection resulted in more severe clinical signs than that by FAdV infection alone. The concurrent infection caused 50% mortality compared with 40% mortality by FAdV infection alone and zero mortality by A. paragallinarum infection alone. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. paragallinarum coinfection with FAdV. The case implies that concurrent infections with these 2 agents do occur and more attention should be given to the potential of multiple agents during disease diagnosis and treatment.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Chickens; China; Coinfection; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Phylogeny; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 33248567
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.033 -
PLoS Pathogens Mar 2021Opportunistic pathogens frequently cause volatile infections in hosts with compromised immune systems or a disrupted normal microbiota. The commensalism of diverse...
Opportunistic pathogens frequently cause volatile infections in hosts with compromised immune systems or a disrupted normal microbiota. The commensalism of diverse microorganisms contributes to colonization resistance, which prevents the expansion of opportunistic pathogens. Following microbiota disruption, pathogens promptly adapt to altered niches and obtain growth advantages. Nevertheless, whether and how resident bacteria modulate the growth dynamics of invasive pathogens and the eventual outcome of such infections are still unclear. Here, we utilized birds as a model animal and observed a resident bacterium exacerbating the invasion of Avibacterium paragallinarum (previously Haemophilus paragallinarum) in the respiratory tract. We first found that negligibly abundant Staphylococcus chromogenes, rather than Staphylococcus aureus, played a dominant role in Av. paragallinarum-associated infectious coryza in poultry based on epidemic investigations and in vitro analyses. Furthermore, we determined that S. chromogenes not only directly provides the necessary nutrition factor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) but also accelerates its biosynthesis and release from host cells to promote the survival and growth of Av. paragallinarum. Last, we successfully intervened in Av. paragallinarum-associated infections in animal models using antibiotics that specifically target S. chromogenes. Our findings show that opportunistic pathogens can hijack commensal bacteria to initiate infection and expansion and suggest a new paradigm to ameliorate opportunistic infections by modulating the dynamics of resident bacteria.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chickens; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Microbiota; Opportunistic Infections; Poultry Diseases; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Staphylococcus
PubMed: 33740012
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009436 -
Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2022Avibacterium paragallinarum is the etiological agent of infectious coryza, an acute respiratory disease of chickens that is globally distributed and causes serious...
Avibacterium paragallinarum is the etiological agent of infectious coryza, an acute respiratory disease of chickens that is globally distributed and causes serious economic losses for chicken production. is a Gram-negative bacterium that releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). In this study, a comparative genomic analysis of isolate P4chr1 and its OMVs was carried out, and the ability to transfer antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) via the OMVs was studied. Sequencing and data analyses demonstrated that the genomic size of P4chr1 was approximately 2.77 Mb with a 25 kb tolerance island that covered six types of antibiotics and 11 ARGs. The genomic size of its OMVs was approximately 2.69 Mb, covering 97% of the genomic length and almost all the gene sequences of P4chr1. Purified and DNase-treated P4chr1 OMVs were cocultured with the antibiotic-sensitive Modesto strain on an antibiotic (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, or streptomycin)-containing plate, and the corresponding ARGs were detected in the colonies grown on the plates. However, using an antimicrobial susceptibility test, we found that ARGs delivered by OMVs were not persistent but only appeared transiently on the antibiotic-containing plates. Antibiotic resistance and ARGs were lost by the second bacterial passage. The functions and roles of OMVs on ARG and virulent gene transfer and dissemination have been reported in numerous Gram-negative bacteria. However, the role of OMVs in mediating antibiotic resistance in has not been reported. This study is the first report to compare the genomic characteristics of OMVs with its parent strain and to study ARG transfer via OMVs. This work has provided useful data for further studies focusing on nonplasmid ARG transfer mediated by OMVs.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Poultry Diseases; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Tetracycline; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chloramphenicol; Erythromycin; Streptomycin; Genomics; Deoxyribonucleases
PubMed: 36000914
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01379-22 -
International Journal of Systematic and... Jan 2005This paper describes a phenotypic and genotypic investigation of the taxonomy of [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella...
Reclassification of Pasteurella gallinarum, [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium as Avibacterium gallinarum gen. nov., comb. nov., Avibacterium paragallinarum comb. nov., Avibacterium avium comb. nov. and Avibacterium volantium comb. nov.
This paper describes a phenotypic and genotypic investigation of the taxonomy of [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium, a major subcluster within the avian 16S rRNA cluster 18 of the family Pasteurellaceae. An extended phenotypic characterization was performed of the type strain of [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, which is NAD-dependent, and eight NAD-independent strains of [Haemophilus] paragallinarum. Complete 16S rRNA gene sequences were obtained for one NAD-independent and four NAD-dependent [Haemophilus] paragallinarum strains. These five sequences along with existing 16S rRNA gene sequences for 11 other taxa within avian 16S rRNA cluster 18 as well as seven other taxa from the Pasteurellaceae were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The analysis demonstrated that [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella gallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium formed a monophyletic group with a minimum of 96.8 % sequence similarity. This group can also be separated by phenotypic testing from all other recognized and named taxa within the Pasteurellaceae. As both genotypic and phenotypic testing support the separate and distinct nature of this subcluster, the transfer is proposed of Pasteurella gallinarum, [Haemophilus] paragallinarum, Pasteurella avium and Pasteurella volantium to a new genus Avibacterium as Avibacterium gallinarum gen. nov., comb. nov., Avibacterium paragallinarum comb. nov., Avibacterium avium comb. nov. and Avibacterium volantium comb. nov. The type strains are NCTC 1118T (Avibacterium gallinarum), NCTC 11296T (Avibacterium paragallinarum), NCTC 11297T (Avibacterium avium) and NCTC 3438T (Avibacterium volantium). Key characteristics that separate these four species are catalase activity (absent only in Avibacterium paragallinarum) and production of acid from galactose (negative only in Avibacterium paragallinarum), maltose (negative only in Avibacterium avium) and mannitol (negative in Avibacterium gallinarum and Avibacterium avium).
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bird Diseases; Chickens; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Genes, rRNA; Genotype; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus paragallinarum; Molecular Sequence Data; Pasteurella; Pasteurellaceae; Phenotype; Phylogeny; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 15653900
DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.63357-0 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Mar 2022We report Avibacterium paragallinarum and Klebsiella pneumoniae coinfection in a grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum). The crane was recovered from illegal captivity...
We report Avibacterium paragallinarum and Klebsiella pneumoniae coinfection in a grey crowned crane (Balearica regulorum). The crane was recovered from illegal captivity and released at a grey crowned crane (GCC) rehabilitation facility located at Akagera National Park in Rwanda. One year after being transferred, the bird presented with clinical signs suggesting a respiratory disease. Those signs included severe dyspnoea with mouth breathing, sneezing and nasal discharge. The crane was put on a 3-day treatment with antibiotics (ceftiofur 200 mg/ml at 50 mg/kg intramuscularly) and anti-inflammatory drug (meloxicam, intramuscular injection at a dose of 2 mg/kg), after which the crane seemed to have recovered. A month later, the same crane presented similar clinical signs and was treated with enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg intramuscularly. Despite the treatment, the crane died 19 h later. At necropsy, adhesive air sacculitis and hydroperitoneum were observed, and a reddish fluid in air sacs and in the abdominal cavity was found. Also, a marked hepatomegaly and splenomegaly were observed. Samples were collected for laboratory examination. Molecular tests done on the tracheal and cloacal swabs revealed A. paragallinarum and K. pneumoniae, respectively. This is the first case of A. paragallinarum and K. pneumoniae coinfection reported in a grey crowned crane. Our study contributes to knowledge on the ecological distribution of both these pathogens in wild birds. It provides an opportunity to investigate further the clinical significance of infectious coryza in Rwanda's wild and domestic birds.
Topics: Animals; Birds; Coinfection; Haemophilus paragallinarum
PubMed: 35143715
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.766 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 1999Infectious coryza is a well-recognized and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease of chickens that is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus paragallinarum.... (Review)
Review
Infectious coryza is a well-recognized and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease of chickens that is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus paragallinarum. The occurrence of recent outbreaks in North America has emphasized that the disease can be significant in meat chickens as well as layer chickens. In developing countries, coryza is commonly complicated by the presence of a range of other infections, resulting in severe disease and significant economic losses. Unusual forms of the disease, involving arthritis and septicemia, again associated with the presence of other pathogens, have been found in South America. Newly recognized bacteria such as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and phenotypic variant forms of both H. paragallinarum and close relatives (variant in that they no longer require V-factor for growth in vitro) have increased the difficulty associated with diagnosing the disease. There have been suggestions in both South America and South Africa that new serovars or serovar variants, associated with unusual clinical manifestations and causing vaccine failures, are emerging. Definitive evidence to confirm or deny the role of these "variants" in vaccine failures is currently not available. A new DNA-based diagnostic technique, involving PCR, has been recently described and will greatly assist in the diagnosis of infectious coryza.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Vaccines; Chickens; Diagnosis, Differential; Haemophilus; Haemophilus Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Poultry Diseases; Serologic Tests
PubMed: 10515906
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.12.4.627