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Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2019Black and brown pigmentation of the oral mucosa can occur due to a multitude of non-neoplastic causes. Endogenous or exogenous pigments may be responsible for oral... (Review)
Review
Black and brown pigmentation of the oral mucosa can occur due to a multitude of non-neoplastic causes. Endogenous or exogenous pigments may be responsible for oral discoloration which can range from innocuous to life-threatening in nature. Physiologic, reactive, and idiopathic melanin production seen in smoker's melanosis, drug-related discolorations, melanotic macule, melanoacanthoma and systemic diseases are presented. Exogenous sources of pigmentation such as amalgam tattoo and black hairy tongue are also discussed. Determining the significance of mucosal pigmented lesions may represent a diagnostic challenge for clinicians. Biopsy is indicated whenever the source of pigmentation cannot be definitively identified based on the clinical presentation.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Pigmentation; Pigmentation Disorders
PubMed: 30671761
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-018-0980-9 -
American Family Physician Apr 2022Familiarity with common oral conditions allows clinicians to observe and treat patients in the primary care setting or refer to a dentist, oral surgeon,...
Familiarity with common oral conditions allows clinicians to observe and treat patients in the primary care setting or refer to a dentist, oral surgeon, otolaryngologist, or other specialist. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the most common ulcerative condition of the oral cavity. Recurrent herpes simplex labialis and stomatitis also commonly cause oral ulcers. Corticosteroids, immunocompromise, antibiotics, and dentures can predispose patients to oral candidiasis. Benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue) occurs in up to 3% of the population but generally lacks symptoms, although some people experience food sensitivity or a burning sensation. Hairy tongue is associated with a low fiber diet, tobacco and alcohol use, and poor oral hygiene in older male patients. Generally, hairy tongue is asymptomatic except for an unattractive appearance or halitosis. Tobacco and alcohol use can cause mucosal changes resulting in leukoplakia and erythroplakia. These can represent precancerous changes and increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Mandibular and maxillary tori are common bony cortical outgrowths that require no treatment in the absence of repeat trauma from chewing or interference with dentures. Oral lichen planus occurs in up to 2% of individuals and can present as lacy reticulations or oral erosions and ulcerations. Traumatic buccal mucosal fibromas and labial mucoceles from biting can be excised.
Topics: Aged; Glossitis, Benign Migratory; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Tongue, Hairy
PubMed: 35426641
DOI: No ID Found -
CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association... Apr 2021
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Candidiasis, Oral; Debridement; Diagnosis, Differential; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Male; Middle Aged; Smoking; Tongue; Tongue, Hairy; Treatment Outcome; Xerostomia
PubMed: 33875461
DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.201559 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Aug 2014Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the... (Review)
Review
Black hairy tongue (BHT) is a benign medical condition characterized by elongated filiform lingual papillae with typical carpet-like appearance of the dorsum of the tongue. Its prevalence varies geographically, typically ranging from 0.6% to 11.3%. Known predisposing factors include smoking, excessive coffee/black tea consumption, poor oral hygiene, trigeminal neuralgia, general debilitation, xerostomia, and medication use. Clinical presentation varies but is typically asymptomatic, although aesthetic concerns are common. Differential diagnosis includes pseudo-BHT, acanthosis nigricans, oral hairy leukoplakia, pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue, and congenital melanocytic/melanotic nevi/macules. Clinical diagnosis relies on visual observation, detailed history taking, and occasionally microscopic evaluation. Treatment involves identification and discontinuation of the offending agent, modifications of chronic predisposing factors, patient's re-assurance to the benign nature of the condition, and maintenance of adequate oral hygiene with gentle debridement to promote desquamation. Complications of BHT (burning mouth syndrome, halitosis, nausea, gagging, dysgeusia) typically respond to therapy. Prognosis is excellent with treatment of underlying medical conditions. BHT remains an important medical condition which may result in additional burden on the patient and health care system and requires appropriate prevention, recognition and treatment.
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Risk Factors; Tongue; Tongue, Hairy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 25152586
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845 -
Malaysian Family Physician : the... Nov 2022This article summarises common oral lesions that clinicians may face in everyday practice by categorising them by clinical presentation: ulcerated lesions, white or... (Review)
Review
This article summarises common oral lesions that clinicians may face in everyday practice by categorising them by clinical presentation: ulcerated lesions, white or mixed white-red lesions, lumps and bumps, and pigmented lesions. The pathologies covered include recurrent aphthous stomatitis, herpes simplex virus, oral squamous cell carcinoma, geographic tongue, oral candidosis, oral lichen planus, pre-malignant disorders, pyogenic granuloma, mucocele and squamous cell papilloma, oral melanoma, hairy tongue and amalgam tattoo. The objective of this review is to improve clinician knowledge and confidence in assessing and managing common oral lesions presenting in the primary care setting.
PubMed: 36606178
DOI: 10.51866/rv.37 -
Journal of General and Family Medicine May 2020A blackish discolouration on the central part of the dorsal tongue in the front of the circumvallate papillae.
A blackish discolouration on the central part of the dorsal tongue in the front of the circumvallate papillae.
PubMed: 32489761
DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.300 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Sep 2018
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Minocycline; Tongue; Tongue, Hairy
PubMed: 30184449
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMicm1800351 -
Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2020
PubMed: 32477994
DOI: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_54_19 -
BMJ Case Reports Oct 2012
Topics: Adult; Alcohol Drinking; Bismuth; Female; Humans; Smoking; Tongue; Tongue, Hairy
PubMed: 23045436
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-02-2012-5755 -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Nov 2017
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Tongue, Hairy
PubMed: 28573500
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-017-4087-x