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Cell Dec 2023The evolution and development of the head have long captivated researchers due to the crucial role of the head as the gateway for sensory stimuli and the intricate...
The evolution and development of the head have long captivated researchers due to the crucial role of the head as the gateway for sensory stimuli and the intricate structural complexity of the head. Although significant progress has been made in understanding head development in various vertebrate species, our knowledge of early human head ontogeny remains limited. Here, we used advanced whole-mount immunostaining and 3D imaging techniques to generate a comprehensive 3D cellular atlas of human head embryogenesis. We present detailed developmental series of diverse head tissues and cell types, including muscles, vasculature, cartilage, peripheral nerves, and exocrine glands. These datasets, accessible through a dedicated web interface, provide insights into human embryogenesis. We offer perspectives on the branching morphogenesis of human exocrine glands and unknown features of the development of neurovascular and skeletomuscular structures. These insights into human embryology have important implications for understanding craniofacial defects and neurological disorders and advancing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Humans; Embryo, Mammalian; Morphogenesis; Head
PubMed: 38070509
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.11.013 -
American Journal of Medical Genetics.... Jan 2009An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to...
An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the craniofacies and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the cranium and face.
Topics: Anthropometry; Craniofacial Abnormalities; Face; Female; Head; Humans; Male; Phenotype; Skull; Terminology as Topic
PubMed: 19125436
DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32612 -
Pediatric Annals Jul 2021
Topics: Child; Head; Humans; Neck; Otolaryngology
PubMed: 34264801
DOI: 10.3928/24761222-20210617-01 -
The Neuroradiology Journal Oct 2022Autoimmune disease of the head and neck (H&N) could be primary or secondary to systemic diseases, medications, or malignancies. Immune-mediated diseases of the H&N are... (Review)
Review
Autoimmune disease of the head and neck (H&N) could be primary or secondary to systemic diseases, medications, or malignancies. Immune-mediated diseases of the H&N are not common in daily practice of radiologists; the diagnosis is frequently delayed because of the non-specific initial presentation and lack of familiarity with some of the specific imaging and clinical features. In this review, we aim to provide a practical diagnostic approach based on the specific radiological findings for each disease. We hope that our review will help radiologists expand their understanding of the spectrum of the discussed disease entities, help them narrow the differential diagnosis, and avoid unnecessary tissue biopsy when appropriate based on the specific clinical scenarios.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Imaging; Head; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Neck
PubMed: 35603923
DOI: 10.1177/19714009221100983 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal 2019
Topics: Developing Countries; Head; Humans; Medical Missions; Neck; Otolaryngology; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 31554430
DOI: 10.1177/0145561319864553 -
Annals of Biomedical Engineering Dec 2022Synthetic surrogate head models are used in biomechanical studies to investigate skull, brain, and cervical spine injury. To ensure appropriate biofidelity of these head... (Review)
Review
Synthetic surrogate head models are used in biomechanical studies to investigate skull, brain, and cervical spine injury. To ensure appropriate biofidelity of these head models, the stiffness is often tuned so that the surrogate's response approximates the cadaveric response corridor. Impact parameters such as energy, and loading direction and region, can influence injury prediction measures, such as impact force and head acceleration. An improved understanding of how impact parameters affect the head's structural response is required for designing better surrogate head models. This study comprises a synthesis and review of all existing ex vivo head stiffness data, and the primary factors that influence the force-deformation response are discussed. Eighteen studies from 1972 to 2019 were identified. Head stiffness statistically varied with age (pediatric vs. adult), loading region, and rate. The contact area of the impactor likely affects stiffness, whereas the impactor mass likely does not. The head's response to frontal impacts was widely reported, but few studies have evaluated the response to other impact locations and directions. The findings from this review indicate that further work is required to assess the effect of head constraints, loading region, and impactor geometry, across a range of relevant scenarios.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Biomechanical Phenomena; Head; Craniocerebral Trauma; Skull; Neck Injuries
PubMed: 36371475
DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-03099-5 -
Cancer Imaging : the Official... Aug 2016Cancer of the head and neck is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide and associated with significant morbidity. The head and neck area is complex and divided into... (Review)
Review
Cancer of the head and neck is the sixth most frequent cancer worldwide and associated with significant morbidity. The head and neck area is complex and divided into various anatomical and functional subunits. Imaging is performed by cross-sectional modalities like computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and positron emission tomography-computed tomography, usually with fluorine-18-deoxy-D-glucose. Therefore, knowledge of the cross-sectional anatomy is very important. This article seeks to give an overview of the various cross-sectional imaging modalities used in the evaluation of head and neck cancers. It briefly describes the anatomy of the extracranial head and neck and the role of imaging as well as the imaging appearance of tumours and their extension to lymph nodes, bone and surrounding tissue. The advantages and disadvantages as well as basic requirements of the various modalities are described along with ways of optimizing imaging quality. A general guideline for prescription of the various modalities is given. Pitfalls are many and varied and can be due to anatomical variation, due to pathology which can be misinterpreted and technical due to peculiarities of the various imaging modalities. Knowledge of these pitfalls can help to avoid misinterpretation. The important points to be mentioned while reporting are also enumerated.
Topics: Anatomy, Cross-Sectional; Head; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Lymph Nodes; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Neck; Neoplasm Staging; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 27487932
DOI: 10.1186/s40644-016-0075-3 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Mar 2023
Topics: Humans; Aviation; Neck; Head
PubMed: 35907686
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2022.07.004 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Apr 2016The criterion of personal identity is clearly called into question by the project to perform a human head transplant. Is identity provided by psychological continuity... (Review)
Review
The criterion of personal identity is clearly called into question by the project to perform a human head transplant. Is identity provided by psychological continuity alone, or does it depend on bodily continuity as well? And how do these different perspectives interface with our notion of mind and mind-body relationship? The reader will be provided with a discussion concerning these problems, together with a philosophical and literary survey about the conception of body-mind relationship from the Greek thought to contemporary philosophy. The analysis will conclude with a discussion concerning the possibility to consider the issue of personal identity from a statistic point of view, which privileges the general perception of identity, so as it has been shaped by the cultural trends of the last four centuries. It could hence be argued that personal identity is not something which can be defined once and for all. On the contrary, the general perception of identity is subject to significant alterations resulting from one's cultural environment. However, the cultural environment itself can be changed by particularly notable events, such as, hypothetically, the successful outcome of a human head transplant.
Topics: Culture; Head; Humans; Medicine in Literature; Self Concept; Transplantation
PubMed: 27000479
DOI: 10.1111/cns.12534 -
ENeuro 2022When looking around a visual scene, humans make saccadic eye movements to fixate objects of interest. While the extraocular muscles can execute saccades in any...
When looking around a visual scene, humans make saccadic eye movements to fixate objects of interest. While the extraocular muscles can execute saccades in any direction, not all saccade directions are equally likely: saccades in horizontal and vertical directions are most prevalent. Here, we asked whether head orientation plays a role in determining saccade direction biases. Study participants ( = 14) viewed natural scenes and abstract fractals (radially symmetric patterns) through a virtual reality headset equipped with eye tracking. Participants' heads were stabilized and tilted at -30°, 0°, or 30° while viewing the images, which could also be tilted by -30°, 0°, and 30° relative to the head. To determine whether the biases in saccade direction changed with head tilt, we calculated polar histograms of saccade directions and cross-correlated pairs of histograms to find the angular displacement resulting in the maximum correlation. During free viewing of fractals, saccade biases largely followed the orientation of the head with an average displacement value of 24° when comparing head upright to head tilt in world-referenced coordinates ( = 17.63, < 0.001). There was a systematic offset of 2.6° in saccade directions, likely reflecting ocular counter roll (OCR; = 3.13, = 0.008). When participants viewed an Earth upright natural scene during head tilt, we found that the orientation of the head still influenced saccade directions ( = 3.7, = 0.001). These results suggest that nonvisual information about head orientation, such as that acquired by vestibular sensors, likely plays a role in saccade generation.
Topics: Humans; Saccades; Head
PubMed: 36351820
DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0273-22.2022