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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it is now regarded as a critical One Health issue. One Health's interconnected domains... (Review)
Review
Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it is now regarded as a critical One Health issue. One Health's interconnected domains contribute to the emergence, evolution, and spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms on a local and global scale, which is a significant risk factor for global health. The persistence and spread of resistant microbial species, and the association of determinants at the human-animal-environment interface can alter microbial genomes, resulting in resistant superbugs in various niches. ABR is motivated by a well-established link between three domains: human, animal, and environmental health. As a result, addressing ABR through the One Health approach makes sense. Several countries have implemented national action plans based on the One Health approach to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes, following the Tripartite's Commitment Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The ABR has been identified as a global health concern, and efforts are being made to mitigate this global health threat. To summarize, global interdisciplinary and unified approaches based on One Health principles are required to limit the ABR dissemination cycle, raise awareness and education about antibiotic use, and promote policy, advocacy, and antimicrobial stewardship.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Global Health; Humans; One Health; Public Health
PubMed: 34900756
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771510 -
Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.... 2014During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)-the factors apart from... (Review)
Review
During the past two decades, the public health community's attention has been drawn increasingly to the social determinants of health (SDH)-the factors apart from medical care that can be influenced by social policies and shape health in powerful ways. We use "medical care" rather than "health care" to refer to clinical services, to avoid potential confusion between "health" and "health care." The World Health Organization's Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has defined SDH as "the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age" and "the fundamental drivers of these conditions." The term "social determinants" often evokes factors such as health-related features of neighborhoods (e.g., walkability, recreational areas, and accessibility of healthful foods), which can influence health-related behaviors. Evidence has accumulated, however, pointing to socioeconomic factors such as income, wealth, and education as the fundamental causes of a wide range of health outcomes. This article broadly reviews some of the knowledge accumulated to date that highlights the importance of social-and particularly socioeconomic-factors in shaping health, and plausible pathways and biological mechanisms that may explain their effects. We also discuss challenges to advancing this knowledge and how they might be overcome.
Topics: Delivery of Health Care; Epigenesis, Genetic; Health Status; Humans; Social Determinants of Health; Socioeconomic Factors; United States; Vulnerable Populations
PubMed: 24385661
DOI: 10.1177/00333549141291S206 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... May 2019The One Health approach supports global health security by improving coordination, collaboration and communication at the human-animal-environment interface to address... (Review)
Review
The One Health approach supports global health security by improving coordination, collaboration and communication at the human-animal-environment interface to address shared health threats such as zoonotic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, food safety and others. Over the past decade, country after country has implemented the One Health approach and demonstrated recognised benefits. However, in order to build sustainability of One Health in these efforts, One Health champions and implementers need to collect and provide government decision-makers with country-level data on One Health's impact to help justify policy decisions and resource allocations. Due to the broad, often seemingly all encompassing, nature of One Health in promoting synergies of multiple disciplines and sectors, the One Health community has faced difficulties in determining specific One Health impact indicators for formally evaluating One Health successes. In this paper, the author a) briefly reviews the ongoing commentary on the recognised benefits of the implementation of a One Health approach in the global health security context, b) discusses challenges in measuring the impact of One Health, and c) proposes possible solutions for evaluating the impact of One Health on global health security.
Topics: Animals; Global Health; Goals; Humans; One Health; Sustainable Development; Zoonoses
PubMed: 31564744
DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.1.2949 -
Health Research Policy and Systems Jun 2020The introduction of the determinants of health has caused a shift towards understanding health from a holistic perspective as well as increased recognition of public... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The introduction of the determinants of health has caused a shift towards understanding health from a holistic perspective as well as increased recognition of public health's contributions to the health of the population. Several frameworks exist to conceptualise healthcare systems, highlighting the stark contrast of frameworks unique to public health systems. The objectives of this study were to define public health systems and assess differences between healthcare systems and public health systems within established health systems frameworks.
METHODS
A critical interpretive synthesis was conducted. Databases searched included EBSCOhost, OVID, Scholars Portal, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Health Systems Evidence. Data extraction, coding and analysis followed a best-fit framework analysis method. Initial codes were based on a current leading health systems and policy classification scheme - health systems arrangements (governance, financial and delivery arrangements).
RESULTS
A total of 5933 unique documents were identified and 67 were included in the analysis. Definitions of public health and public health systems varied significantly as did their roles and functions across jurisdictions. Public health systems arrangements generally followed those of health systems, with the addition of partnerships (community and inter-sectoral) and communication playing a larger role in public health. A public health systems framework and conceptualisation of how public health currently fits within health systems are presented.
CONCLUSIONS
Public health systems are unique and vital entities within health systems. In addition to examining how public health and public health systems have been defined within the literature, this review suggests that establishing the scope of public health is crucial to understanding its role within the larger health system and adds to the discourse around the relationship between public health, healthcare and population health. More broadly, this study addresses an important gap in understanding public health systems and provides conceptual and practical contributions as well as areas for future research.
Topics: Delivery of Health Care; Public Health
PubMed: 32546163
DOI: 10.1186/s12961-020-00583-z -
Revista Espanola de Salud Publica Aug 2021The viewing of mainstream pornography can in some situations be detrimental to the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. This consumption generates gender... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The viewing of mainstream pornography can in some situations be detrimental to the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. This consumption generates gender inequalities by distorting the image of women. The aim of this study was to review the existing literature on the effects of mainstream pornography use on sexual and reproductive health in adolescents and university students.
METHODS
A scoping review was conducted to examine the existing literature on the sexual and reproductive health effects of mainstream pornography use in adolescents and college students. The purpose of this review is to explore the evidence on this topic by assessing a wide range of articles and study designs. The proposed scoping review has been conducted in accordance with the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology (JBI).
RESULTS
We identified 14 studies showing that mainstream pornography consumption may have a short- and long-term impact on adolescent sexual health. Adolescent exposure to a sexualized media environment is associated with stronger beliefs that females are sexual objects.
CONCLUSIONS
Pornography viewing influences adolescent sexual and reproductive health. The sexual misrepresentation of women caused by viewing mainstream pornographic material is a serious problem that can increase gender inequality. Mainstream pornography should be addressed in sexual education programs in schools, as well as in the different Public Health institutions.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Health; Erotica; Humans; Reproductive Health; Sexual Health; Spain
PubMed: 34267175
DOI: No ID Found -
Public Health Dec 2016Industrialization and urbanization have been associated with an epidemiological transition, from communicable to non-communicable disease, and a geological transition... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Industrialization and urbanization have been associated with an epidemiological transition, from communicable to non-communicable disease, and a geological transition that is moving the planet beyond the stable Holocene epoch in which human societies have prospered. The lifestyles of high-income countries are major drivers of these twin processes. Our objective is to highlight the common causes of chronic disease and environmental change and, thereby, contribute to shared perspectives across public health and the environment.
STUDY DESIGN
Integrative reviews focused on social determinants and lifestyles as two 'bridging' concepts between the fields of public health and environmental sustainability.
METHODS
We drew on established frameworks to consider the position of the natural environment within social determinants of health (SDH) frameworks and the position of social determinants within environmental frameworks. We drew on evidence on lifestyle factors central to both public health and environmental change (mobility- and diet-related factors). We investigated how public health's focus on individual behaviour can be enriched by environmental perspectives that give attention to household consumption practices.
RESULTS
While SDH frameworks can incorporate the biophysical environment, their causal structure positions it as a determinant and one largely separate from the social factors that shape it. Environmental frameworks are more likely to represent the environment and its ecosystems as socially determined. A few frameworks also include human health as an outcome, providing the basis for a combined public health/environmental sustainability framework. Environmental analyses of household impacts broaden public health's concern with individual risk behaviours, pointing to the more damaging lifestyles of high-income households.
CONCLUSION
The conditions for health are being undermined by rapid environmental change. There is scope for frameworks reaching across public health and environmental sustainability and a shared evidence base that captures the health- and environmentally damaging impacts of high-consumption lifestyles.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Environment; Humans; Life Style; Public Health; Social Determinants of Health
PubMed: 27814893
DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.09.019 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2021The landscape in dentistry is changing as emerging studies continue to reveal that periodontal health impacts systemic health, and vice versa. Population studies,... (Review)
Review
Oral health's inextricable connection to systemic health: Special populations bring to bear multimodal relationships and factors connecting periodontal disease to systemic diseases and conditions.
The landscape in dentistry is changing as emerging studies continue to reveal that periodontal health impacts systemic health, and vice versa. Population studies, clinical studies, and in vitro animal studies underscore the critical importance of oral health to systemic health. These inextricable relationships come to the forefront as oral diseases, such as periodontal disease, take root. Special populations bring to bear the multimodal relationships between oral and systemic health. Specifically, periodontal disease has been associated with diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, eating disorders, liver disease, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer disease, rheumatoid arthritis, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and cancer. Although bidirectional relationships are recognized, the potential for multiple comorbidities, relationships, and connections (multimodal relationships) also exists. Proposed mechanisms that mediate this connection between oral and systemic health include predisposing and precipitating factors, such as genetic factors (gene polymorphisms), environmental factors (stress, habits-such as smoking and high-fat diets/consumption of highly processed foods), medications, microbial dysbiosis and bacteremias/viremias/microbemias, and an altered host immune response. Thus, in a susceptible host, these predisposing and precipitating factors trigger the onset of periodontal disease and systemic disease/conditions. Further, high-throughput sequencing technologies are shedding light on the dark matter that comprises the oral microbiome. This has resulted in better characterization of the oral microbial dysbiosis, including putative bacterial periodontopathogens and shifts in oral virome composition during disease. Multiple laboratory and clinical studies have illustrated that both eukaryotic and prokaryotic viruses within subgingival plaque and periodontal tissues affect periodontal inflammation, putative periodontopathogens, and the host immune response. Although the association between herpesviruses and periodontitis and the degree to which these viruses directly aggravate periodontal tissue damage remain unclear, the benefits to periodontal health found from prolonged administration of antivirals in immunocompromised or immunodeficient individuals demonstrates that specific populations are possibly more susceptible to viral periodontopathogens. Thus, it may be important to further examine the implications of viral pathogen involvement in periodontitis and perhaps it is time to embrace the viral dark matter within the periodontal environment to fully comprehend the pathogenesis and systemic implications of periodontitis. Emerging data from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic further underscores the inextricable connection between oral and systemic health, with high levels of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor noted on oral tissues (tongue) and an allostatic load or overload paradigm of chronic stress likely contributing to rapid breakdown of oral/dental, periodontal, and peri-implant tissues. These associations exist within a framework of viremias/bacteremias/microbemias, systemic inflammation, and/or disturbances of the immune system in a susceptible host. A thorough review of systemic and oral diseases and conditions and their mechanistic, predisposing, and precipitating factors are paramount to better addressing the oral and systemic health and needs of our patients.
Topics: Animals; COVID-19; Dysbiosis; Female; Humans; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Pregnancy; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34463994
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12398 -
Current Psychiatry Reports May 2017Globally, the majority of those who need mental health care worldwide lack access to high-quality mental health services. Stigma, human resource shortages, fragmented... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Globally, the majority of those who need mental health care worldwide lack access to high-quality mental health services. Stigma, human resource shortages, fragmented service delivery models, and lack of research capacity for implementation and policy change contribute to the current mental health treatment gap. In this review, we describe how health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are addressing the mental health gap and further identify challenges and priority areas for future research.
RECENT FINDINGS
Common mental disorders are responsible for the largest proportion of the global burden of disease; yet, there is sound evidence that these disorders, as well as severe mental disorders, can be successfully treated using evidence-based interventions delivered by trained lay health workers in low-resource community or primary care settings. Stigma is a barrier to service uptake. Prevention, though necessary to address the mental health gap, has not solidified as a research or programmatic focus. Research-to-practice implementation studies are required to inform policies and scale-up services. Four priority areas are identified for focused attention to diminish the mental health treatment gap and to improve access to high-quality mental health services globally: diminishing pervasive stigma, building mental health system treatment and research capacity, implementing prevention programs to decrease the incidence of mental disorders, and establishing sustainable scale up of public health systems to improve access to mental health treatment using evidence-based interventions.
Topics: Global Health; Health Personnel; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Mental Health Services; Public Health
PubMed: 28425023
DOI: 10.1007/s11920-017-0780-z -
Yearbook of Medical Informatics Aug 2018To summarize the recent public and population health informatics literature with a focus on the synergistic "bridging" of electronic data to benefit communities and... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To summarize the recent public and population health informatics literature with a focus on the synergistic "bridging" of electronic data to benefit communities and other populations.
METHODS
The review was primarily driven by a search of the literature from July 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017. The search included articles indexed in PubMed using subject headings with (MeSH) keywords "public health informatics" and "social determinants of health". The "social determinants of health" search was refined to include articles that contained the keywords "public health", "population health" or "surveillance".
RESULTS
Several categories were observed in the review focusing on public health's socio-technical infrastructure: evaluation of surveillance practices, surveillance methods, interoperable health information infrastructure, mobile health, social media, and population health. Common trends discussing socio-technical infrastructure included big data platforms, social determinants of health, geographical information systems, novel data sources, and new visualization techniques. A common thread connected these categories of workforce, governance, and sustainability: using clinical resources and data to bridge public and population health.
CONCLUSIONS
Both medical care providers and public health agencies are increasingly using informatics and big data tools to create and share digital information. The intent of this "bridging" is to proactively identify, monitor, and improve a range of medical, environmental, and social factors relevant to the health of communities. These efforts show a significant growth in a range of population health-centric information exchange and analytics activities.
Topics: Datasets as Topic; Humans; Medical Informatics; Population Health; Public Health Informatics; Social Determinants of Health; Telemedicine; United States; Workforce
PubMed: 30157524
DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1667081 -
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue... Sep 2018Numerous scholars have stated that there is a silent crisis in men's mental health. In this article, we aim to provide an overview of core issues in the field of men's... (Review)
Review
Numerous scholars have stated that there is a silent crisis in men's mental health. In this article, we aim to provide an overview of core issues in the field of men's mental health, including a discussion of key social determinants as well as implications for mental health services. Firstly, we review the basic epidemiology of mental disorders with a high incidence and prevalence in men, including suicide and substance use disorder. Secondly, we examine controversies around the low reported rates of depression in men, discussing possible measurement and reporting biases. Thirdly, we explore common risk factors and social determinants that may explain higher rates of certain mental health outcomes in men. This includes a discussion of 1) occupational and employment issues; 2) family issues and divorce; 3) adverse childhood experience; and 4) other life transitions, notably parenthood. Fourthly, we document and analyze low rates of mental health service utilization in men. This includes a consideration of the role of dominant notions of masculinity (such as stubbornness and self-reliance) in deterring service utilization. Fifthly, we note that some discourse on the role of masculinity contains much "victim blaming," often adopting a reproachful deficit-based model. We argue that this can deflect attention away from social determinants as well as issues within the mental health system, such as claims that it is "feminized" and unresponsive to men's needs. We conclude by calling for a multipronged public health-inspired approach to improve men's mental health, involving concerted action at the individual, health services, and societal levels.
Topics: Humans; Male; Men's Health; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Mental Health Services; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Social Determinants of Health
PubMed: 29673270
DOI: 10.1177/0706743718762388