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Journal of Clinical Microbiology Nov 2021Serologic point-of-care tests to detect antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are an important tool in the COVID-19 pandemic....
Serologic point-of-care tests to detect antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are an important tool in the COVID-19 pandemic. The majority of current point-of-care antibody tests developed for SARS-CoV-2 rely on lateral flow assays, but these do not offer quantitative information. To address this, we developed a novel antibody test leveraging hemagglutination, employing a dry card format currently used for typing ABO blood groups. Two hundred COVID-19 patient and 200 control plasma samples were reconstituted with O-negative red blood cells (RBCs) to form whole blood and added to dried viral-antibody fusion protein, followed by a stirring step and a tilting step, 3-min incubation, and a second tilting step. The sensitivities of the hemagglutination test, Euroimmun IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and receptor binding domain (RBD)-based CoronaChek lateral flow assay were 87.0%, 86.5%, and 84.5%, respectively, using samples obtained from recovered COVID-19 individuals. Testing prepandemic samples, the hemagglutination test had a specificity of 95.5%, compared to 97.3% and 98.9% for the ELISA and CoronaChek, respectively. A distribution of agglutination strengths was observed in COVID-19 convalescent-phase plasma samples, with the highest agglutination score (4) exhibiting significantly higher neutralizing antibody titers than weak positives (2) ( < 0.0001). Strong agglutinations were observed within 1 min of testing, and this shorter assay time also increased specificity to 98.5%. In conclusion, we developed a novel rapid, point-of-care RBC agglutination test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies that can yield semiquantitative information on neutralizing antibody titer in patients. The 5-min test may find use in determination of serostatus prior to vaccination, postvaccination surveillance, and travel screening.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Hemagglutination; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Pandemics; Point-of-Care Systems; SARS-CoV-2; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 34469185
DOI: 10.1128/JCM.01186-21 -
British Medical Journal Jul 1968The case histories of two patients with penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia are presented. One had received 20 mega units a day for 18 days, the other had received 20...
The case histories of two patients with penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia are presented. One had received 20 mega units a day for 18 days, the other had received 20 mega units a day for two days and then 12 mega units a day for 25 days, before the haemolytic anaemia was diagnosed. Both had previously had courses of penicillin. A strongly positive direct antiglobulin reaction which appeared to be mainly due to IgG antibody was one of the main diagnostic features, and free IgG antipenicillin antibody was found in the serum of both patients. The haemolysis appeared to Lessen as soon as the drug was stopped, and the direct antiglobulin test became negative in 66-77 days.Twelve additional reported cases are reviewed. All had received high doses of penicillin and all had had penicillin previously. The lowest dose recorded was 10 mega units a day for 26 days. The incidence of anti-penicillin antibodies in a hospital population is given, and the mechanism of this type of haemolytic anaemia is discussed. Penicillin-induced haemolytic anaemia should be suspected in any patient receiving penicillin in high doses in whom there is a fall in the haemoglobin level.
Topics: Aged; Anemia, Hemolytic; Antibodies; Coombs Test; Erythrocytes; Female; Haptens; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Middle Aged; Penicillins
PubMed: 5661907
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.3.5609.26 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2021Diagnostic tests that detect antibodies (AB) against SARS-CoV-2 for evaluation of seroprevalence and guidance of health care measures are important tools for managing...
Diagnostic tests that detect antibodies (AB) against SARS-CoV-2 for evaluation of seroprevalence and guidance of health care measures are important tools for managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Current tests have certain limitations with regard to turnaround time, costs and availability, particularly in point-of-care (POC) settings. We established a hemagglutination-based AB test that is based on bi-specific proteins which contain a dromedary-derived antibody (nanobody) binding red blood cells (RBD) and a SARS-CoV-2-derived antigen, such as the receptor-binding domain of the Spike protein (Spike-RBD). While the nanobody mediates swift binding to RBC, the antigen moiety directs instantaneous, visually apparent hemagglutination in the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific AB generated in COVID-19 patients or vaccinated individuals. Method comparison studies with assays cleared by emergency use authorization demonstrate high specificity and sensitivity. To further increase objectivity of test interpretation, we developed an image analysis tool based on digital image acquisition (via a cell phone) and a machine learning algorithm based on defined sample-training and -validation datasets. Preliminary data, including a small clinical study, provides proof of principle for test performance in a POC setting. Together, the data support the interpretation that this AB test format, which we refer to as 'NanoSpot.ai', is suitable for POC testing, can be manufactured at very low costs and, based on its generic mode of action, can likely be adapted to a variety of other pathogens.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19 Serological Testing; Diagnostic Tests, Routine; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Point-of-Care Testing; Proof of Concept Study; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
PubMed: 34969960
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04298-1 -
Turkiye Parazitolojii Dergisi Mar 2021Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common public health concern in Turkey. In this study, we investigated the agreement between the results of radiological imaging methods... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
OBJECTIVE
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a common public health concern in Turkey. In this study, we investigated the agreement between the results of radiological imaging methods and serological tests through a 5-year retrospective evaluation in patients admitted to a university hospital with a suspicion of CE so as to determine the frequency of CE in the study region.
METHODS
The indirect hemagglutination test (IHA) results of 1.046 patients obtained from various clinics with the suspicion of CE between January 2014 and December 2018 were retrospectively analysed. Of these, patients with at least one radiological imaging report in the system (938 patients) were included in the study. Radiological imaging findings and IHA test results were compared and examined.
RESULTS
Seropositivity was detected by IHA test in 143 (15.2%) of 938 patients included in the study. The CE findings were recorded in at least one radiological imaging report in 130 (90.9%) of 143 patients with positive IHA test. At least one of the radiological imaging reports suggested presence of CE in 362 (38.5%) of all the patients.
CONCLUSION
Thus, serological test and radiological imaging methods should be used in combination for the diagnosis of CE.
Topics: Animals; Echinococcosis; Echinococcus; Hemagglutination Tests; Hospitals, University; Humans; Radiography; Retrospective Studies; Turkey
PubMed: 33685064
DOI: 10.4274/tpd.galenos.2020.7045 -
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical... Jan 2012To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the currently most widely used indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
To assess the diagnostic efficacy of the currently most widely used indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of Schistosoma japonicum human infections.
METHODS
A comprehensive search was undertaken from China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, VIP Database, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index Expanded, Proquest, and the inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly settled. The funnel plot was used to assess the publication bias, Cochran's Q test was employed to measure the homogeneity between studies, a summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was used to compare the diagnostic accuracy between the IHA and ELISA qualitatively by means of the Weighted Least Square method, the Ordinary Least Square method and the Robust regression method, and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was drawn to compare the accuracy quantitatively.
RESULTS
Out of 785 publications, 19 papers were eventually selected for analysis. Literature quality assessment indicated that minor publication bias existed in studies pertaining IHA test, but no bias was found in literatures regarding ELISA test. The heterogeneity test showed a heterogeneity between studies was present (χ(2)=466.07 and 34.67, both P values<0.0001). The areas under the SROC curves of IHA were all higher than that of ELISA test using the three methods (Weighted Least Square method: 0.766 vs. 0.695, Ordinary Least Square method: 0.826 vs. 0.741, Robust regression: 0.815 vs. 0.715). The TPR* values for IHA and ELISA were 0.710, 0.759, 0.749, and 0.650, 0.686 and 0.666, respectively, and OR values were 5.997, 9.937, 8.893, and 3.432, 4.784 and 3.959, respectively. The DOR of IHA was 9.41 (95% CI: 4.88-18.18), and 4.78 (95% CI: 3.21-7.13) for ELISA.
CONCLUSIONS
All above results revealed that the diagnostic performance of IHA is better than that of ELISA. However, taking into account their unsatisfactory diagnostic value in areas with low infection intensity, a search for a better diagnostic test that can be applied in field situations in China should be given high priority.
Topics: Animals; China; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Least-Squares Analysis; Odds Ratio; ROC Curve; Schistosoma japonicum; Schistosomiasis japonica; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 22182637
DOI: 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60238-1 -
Applied Microbiology Nov 1969Standardized hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition procedures are described and statistically evaluated for all animal viruses where applicable, except for...
Standardized hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition procedures are described and statistically evaluated for all animal viruses where applicable, except for rubella and the arbovirus group. The standardized tests employ a constant phosphate-buffered saline diluent and constant volumes of serum, antigen, and standardized erythrocyte suspension. The standardized hemagglutination test has a reproducibility of 84 to 96% with adenoviruses, rubeola, and the myxoviruses, and 78 to 93% with reoviruses; the standardized hemagglutination-inhibition test has a reproducibility of 95 to 100% with all viruses tested.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Antigens; Buffers; Erythrocytes; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; Hemagglutination Tests; Immune Sera; Orthomyxoviridae; Rubella virus; Statistics as Topic; Viruses
PubMed: 4984203
DOI: 10.1128/am.18.5.824-833.1969 -
PloS One 2022The decline in the population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in northwestern Germany since 2007 raises questions about the underlying causes. We...
The decline in the population of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) in northwestern Germany since 2007 raises questions about the underlying causes. We therefore studied the growth and immune status of ring-necked pheasant chicks dependent on different feed composition. Here, 490 ring-necked pheasant chicks were raised in five groups up to nine weeks. While control groups C1 and C2 received sufficient crude protein (28%) and energy (12.5 MJ/Kg feed) according to current standards, group C2 was treated with cyclosporine eight hours prior to phythemagglutination (PHA) testing, serving as a positive immune suppressed control. Group V1 was fed with reduced protein (20%) but optimal energy content (12.5 MJ/Kg feed), group V2 was fed with sufficient protein (28%) and reduced energy content (10 MJ/kg feed) whereas group V3 was fed reduced crude protein (20%) and reduced energy content (10MJ/kg feed). On all chicks, health status was checked each week, and 20 birds of each group were weighed randomly per week. PHA-testing was performed on 12 birds of each group to study the in vivo non-specific activation of lymphocytes at week 2, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 9. In addition, hemolysis-hemagglutination-assay (HHA) was performed on each of the PHA-tested chicks, which were subsequently euthanized and dissected. Histopathologic examinations of 5 birds that were randomly chosen were performed. The PHA-test results demonstrate significant differences between control (C1, C2) and experimental groups (V1-V3) in several developmental stages. According to the HHA results, weekly testing detected a significant increase of titres per week in all groups without significant differences. Here, only hemagglutination and no lysis of samples was observed. It seems appropriate to conclude that during their first weeks of life, protein content is of higher importance in ring-necked pheasant chicks than energy intake. In particular T-cell response is significantly reduced, which indicate a weaker immune system resulting in a higher risk for clinical diseases. Therefore, we assume that protein i.e. insect availability is a highly important co-factor in the free-ranging population dynamics, and is linked to declines of the northwestern German population.
Topics: Animals; Chickens; Food; Galliformes; Hemagglutination Tests; Immune System; Quail
PubMed: 36342931
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277236 -
The American Journal of Tropical... Dec 2019The diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on imaging. Serology supports imaging in suspected cases, but no consensus exists on the algorithm to apply when...
Diagnostic Performances of Commercial ELISA, Indirect Hemagglutination, and Western Blot in Differentiation of Hepatic Echinococcal and Non-Echinococcal Lesions: A Retrospective Analysis of Data from a Single Referral Centre.
The diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) is based on imaging. Serology supports imaging in suspected cases, but no consensus exists on the algorithm to apply when imaging is inconclusive. We performed a retrospective analysis of serology results of patients with untreated hepatic CE and non-CE lesions, seen from 2005 to 2017, to evaluate their accuracy in the differential diagnosis of hepatic CE. Serology results of three seroassays for echinococcosis (ELISA RIDASCREEN, indirect hemagglutination (IHA) Cellognost, and Western blot LDBIO) and clinical characteristics of eligible patients were retrieved. Patients were grouped as having active or inactive CE and liquid or solid non-CE lesions. Sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy were compared between scenarios encompassing different test combinations. Eligible patients included 104 patients with CE and 257 with non-CE lesions. Sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of Western blot (WB) were significantly higher than those of the following: 1) IHA or ELISA alone, 2) IHA+ELISA interpreted as positive if both or either tests positive, and 3) IHA+ELISA confirmed by WB if discordant. The best performances were obtained when WB was applied on discordant or concordant negative IHA+ELISA. Analyses performed within "active CE ( = 52) versus liquid non-CE ( = 245)" and "inactive CE ( = 52) versus solid non-CE ( = 12)" groups showed similar results. Specificity was high for all tests (0.99-1.00) and did not differ between test combination scenarios. WB may be the best test to apply in a one-test approach. Two first-level tests confirmed by WB seem to provide the best diagnostic accuracy. Further studies should be performed in different settings, especially where lower test specificity is likely.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Helminth; Blotting, Western; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Echinococcus; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; Retrospective Studies; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 31674293
DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0556 -
Bulletin of the World Health... 1968Reviewing the literature on hydatid serology for the period 1958-66, the author concludes that the complement-fixation test is not the most sensitive procedure but may... (Review)
Review
Reviewing the literature on hydatid serology for the period 1958-66, the author concludes that the complement-fixation test is not the most sensitive procedure but may have value for postoperative evaluation. The haemagglutination, bentonite-flocculation and latex-agglutination tests are the procedures of choice at present. The fluorescent-antibody test shows much promise, but requires further evaluation. The intradermal test performed with standardized antigen is useful for diagnosis and epidemiological studies. Reliable serological diagnosis of hydatid disease in animals awaits the use of more specific antigen. Although many related species share common antigens with Echinococcus granulosus, the sensitivity of the diagnostic serological tests is high because of the strongly specific response elicited by the specific antigens used. the need for further standardization of both antigen and test procedure is pointed out.
Topics: Agglutination Tests; Animals; Antigens; Complement Fixation Tests; Echinococcosis; Fluorescent Antibody Technique; Hemagglutination Tests; Humans; Serologic Tests; Skin Tests
PubMed: 4882511
DOI: No ID Found -
Bacteriological Reviews Sep 1956
Topics: Cell Death; Hemagglutination; Hemagglutination Tests; Hemolysis
PubMed: 13363771
DOI: 10.1128/br.20.3.166-188.1956