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Advances in Physiology Education Jun 2017Since the discovery of the composition and structure of the mammalian cell membrane, biologists have had a clearer understanding of how substances enter and exit the...
Since the discovery of the composition and structure of the mammalian cell membrane, biologists have had a clearer understanding of how substances enter and exit the cell's interior. The selectively permeable nature of the cell membrane allows the movement of some solutes and prevents the movement of others. This has important consequences for cell volume and the integrity of the cell and, as a result, is of utmost clinical importance, for example in the administration of isotonic intravenous infusions. The concepts of osmolarity and tonicity are often confused by students as impermeant isosmotic solutes such as NaCl are also isotonic; however, isosmotic solutes such as urea are actually hypotonic due to the permeant nature of the membrane. By placing red blood cells in solutions of differing osmolarities and tonicities, this experiment demonstrates the effects of osmosis and the resultant changes in cell volume. Using hemoglobin standard solutions, where known concentrations of hemoglobin are produced, the proportion of hemolysis and the effect of this on resultant hematocrit can be estimated. No change in cell volume occurs in isotonic NaCl, and, by placing blood cells in hypotonic NaCl, incomplete hemolysis occurs. By changing the bathing solution to either distilled water or isosmotic urea, complete hemolysis occurs due to their hypotonic effects. With the use of animal blood in this practical, students gain useful experience in handling tissue fluids and calculating dilutions and can appreciate the science behind clinical scenarios.
Topics: Animals; Erythrocytes; Hemolysis; Osmosis; Physiology; Sodium Chloride; Students; Urea
PubMed: 28526694
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00083.2016 -
Blood Feb 2013Hemolysis occurs in many hematologic and nonhematologic diseases. Extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) has been found to trigger specific pathophysiologies that are associated... (Review)
Review
Hemolysis occurs in many hematologic and nonhematologic diseases. Extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) has been found to trigger specific pathophysiologies that are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with hemolysis, such as acute and chronic vascular disease, inflammation, thrombosis, and renal impairment. Among the molecular characteristics of extracellular Hb, translocation of the molecule into the extravascular space, oxidative and nitric oxide reactions, hemin release, and molecular signaling effects of hemin appear to be the most critical. Limited clinical experience with a plasma-derived haptoglobin (Hp) product in Japan and more recent preclinical animal studies suggest that the natural Hb and the hemin-scavenger proteins Hp and hemopexin have a strong potential to neutralize the adverse physiologic effects of Hb and hemin. This includes conditions that are as diverse as RBC transfusion, sickle cell disease, sepsis, and extracorporeal circulation. This perspective reviews the principal mechanisms of Hb and hemin toxicity in different disease states, updates how the natural scavengers efficiently control these toxic moieties, and explores critical issues in the development of human plasma-derived Hp and hemopexin as therapeutics for patients with excessive intravascular hemolysis.
Topics: Animals; Haptoglobins; Hematologic Diseases; Hemin; Hemoglobins; Hemolysis; Hemopexin; Humans
PubMed: 23264591
DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-11-451229 -
Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory... Oct 2019
Topics: Hematologic Tests; Hemolysis; Humans
PubMed: 31150355
DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-0501 -
Blood Advances Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Complement Membrane Attack Complex; Hemolysis; Blood Platelets; Complement System Proteins; Thrombosis
PubMed: 37874560
DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2023011186 -
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2013Immune hemolytic anemia is a rare adverse effect of ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, which is a commonly used antibiotic. We describe a 60-years-old lady,...
Immune hemolytic anemia is a rare adverse effect of ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin, which is a commonly used antibiotic. We describe a 60-years-old lady, a case of community-acquired pneumonia, who developed severe hemolysis after the first dose of ceftriaxone. Her hemoglobin dropped from 9.6 g /dl to 5.5 g /dl. However, she improved after discontinuation of the drug and blood transfusion. This report serves as a reminder to medical fraternity that life-threatening hemolysis can rarely follow administration of ceftriaxone.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Blood Transfusion; Ceftriaxone; Female; Hemolysis; Humans; Middle Aged
PubMed: 24130395
DOI: 10.4103/0253-7613.117758 -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Aug 1985
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic; Anemia, Hemolytic, Autoimmune; Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital; Child; Child, Preschool; Hemolysis; Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn
PubMed: 3926164
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.291.6491.297 -
Biochemia Medica 2013A number of preanalytical activities strongly influence sample quality, especially those related to sample collection. Since blood drawing through intravenous catheters... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
A number of preanalytical activities strongly influence sample quality, especially those related to sample collection. Since blood drawing through intravenous catheters is reported as a potential source of erythrocyte injury, we performed a critical review and meta-analysis about the risk of catheter-related hemolysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a systematic search on PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus to estimate the risk of spurious hemolysis in blood samples collected from intravenous catheters. A meta-analysis with calculation of Odds ratio (OR) and Relative risk (RR) along with 95% Confidence interval (95% CI) was carried out using random effect mode.
RESULTS
Fifteen articles including 17 studies were finally selected. The total number of patients was 14,796 in 13 studies assessing catheter and evacuated tubes versus straight needle and evacuated tubes, and 1251 in 4 studies assessing catheter and evacuated tubes versus catheter and manual aspiration. A significant risk of hemolysis was found in studies assessing catheter and evacuated tubes versus straight needle and evacuated tubes (random effect OR 3.4; 95% CI = 2.9-3.9 and random effect RR 1.07; 95% CI = 1.06-1.08), as well as in studies assessing catheter and evacuated tubes versus catheter and manual aspiration of blood (OR 3.7; 95% CI = 2.7-5.1 and RR 1.32; 95% CI = 1.24-1.40).
CONCLUSIONS
Sample collection through intravenous catheters is associated with significant higher risk of spurious hemolysis as compared with standard blood drawn by straight needle, and this risk is further amplified when intravenous catheter are associated with primary evacuated blood tubes as compared with manual aspiration.
Topics: Catheters, Indwelling; Hemolysis; Humans; Veins
PubMed: 23894864
DOI: 10.11613/bm.2013.022 -
Medical Mycology Jan 2013Hemolysins are a class of proteins defined by their ability to lyse red cells but have been described to exhibit pleiotropic functions. These proteins have been... (Review)
Review
Hemolysins are a class of proteins defined by their ability to lyse red cells but have been described to exhibit pleiotropic functions. These proteins have been extensively studied in bacteria and more recently in fungi. Within the last decade, a number of studies have characterized fungal hemolysins and revealed a fascinating yet diverse group of proteins. The purpose of this review is to provide a synopsis of the known fungal hemolysins with an emphasis on those belonging to the aegerolysin protein family. New insight and perspective into fungal hemolysins in biotechnology and health are additionally presented.
Topics: Biotechnology; Fungal Proteins; Fungi; Health; Hemolysin Proteins; Hemolysis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 22769586
DOI: 10.3109/13693786.2012.698025 -
British Journal of Haematology Jan 2015Many clinical settings are associated with haemolysis, from rare conditions, such as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, to common interventions, such as mechanical... (Review)
Review
Many clinical settings are associated with haemolysis, from rare conditions, such as paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, to common interventions, such as mechanical circulatory support and blood transfusion. The toxic effects of circulating free haemoglobin, haem, and iron are becoming increasingly understood and include an increased risk of thrombotic complications. This review summarizes the epidemiological evidence for an association between haemolysis and thrombosis and explores potential underlying mechanisms. New insights into the role haem plays in inflammatory signalling and in generating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) may provide useful strategies for managing pathological states associated with severe haemolysis. A better understanding of the toxic effects of haemolysis will result in better therapies to prevent the side effect of thrombosis.
Topics: Hemoglobinuria, Paroxysmal; Hemolysis; Humans; Thrombosis
PubMed: 25307023
DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13183 -
Molecular Medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) Dec 2014In the hydroxyurea era, insights into mechanisms downstream of erythrocyte sickling have led to new therapeutic approaches for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).... (Review)
Review
In the hydroxyurea era, insights into mechanisms downstream of erythrocyte sickling have led to new therapeutic approaches for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Therapies have been developed that target vascular adhesion, inflammation and hemolysis, including innovative biologics directed against P-selectin and invariant natural killer T cells. Advances in hematopoietic stem cell transplant and gene therapy may also provide more opportunities for cures in the near future. Several clinical studies are underway to determine the safety and efficacy of these new treatments. Novel approaches to treat SCD are desperately needed, since current therapies are limited and rates of morbidity and mortality remain high.
Topics: Anemia, Sickle Cell; Animals; Cell Adhesion; Genetic Therapy; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Hemolysis; Humans; Hydroxyurea; Inflammation
PubMed: 25549232
DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00187