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Viruses Jan 2023Herpes labialis remains exceedingly prevalent and is one of the most common human viral infections throughout the world. Recurrent herpes labialis evolves from the... (Review)
Review
Herpes labialis remains exceedingly prevalent and is one of the most common human viral infections throughout the world. Recurrent herpes labialis evolves from the initial viral infection by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) which subsequently presents with or without symptoms. Reactivation of this virus is triggered by psychosocial factors such as stress, febrile environment, ultraviolet light susceptibility, or specific dietary inadequacy. This virus infection is also characterized by uninterrupted transitions between chronic-latent and acute-recurrent phases, allowing the virus to opportunistically avoid immunity and warrant the transmission to other vulnerable hosts simultaneously. This review comprehensively evaluates the current evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, transmission modes, clinical manifestations, and current management options of herpes labialis infections.
Topics: Humans; Herpes Labialis; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Ultraviolet Rays
PubMed: 36680265
DOI: 10.3390/v15010225 -
Antiviral Research Apr 2020Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and... (Review)
Review
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), a member of the Herpesviridae family, is a well-known cause of infections including genital herpes and herpes labialis in the adolescent and adult population. Transmission of HSV infection to an infant during the first 4-6 weeks of life can lead to devastating disease with the potential for poor outcomes. Early diagnosis is imperative when evaluating neonatal HSV infection in order to prevent further disease progression, neurological complications, and even death. In the past 4 decades, significant advancements have been made in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of neonatal HSV infection, but there remains room for improvement as efforts continue to reduce the burden of disease caused by this infection.
Topics: Acyclovir; Antiviral Agents; Female; Herpes Genitalis; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
PubMed: 32044154
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104721 -
American Family Physician Apr 2022Familiarity with common oral conditions allows clinicians to observe and treat patients in the primary care setting or refer to a dentist, oral surgeon,...
Familiarity with common oral conditions allows clinicians to observe and treat patients in the primary care setting or refer to a dentist, oral surgeon, otolaryngologist, or other specialist. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (canker sores) is the most common ulcerative condition of the oral cavity. Recurrent herpes simplex labialis and stomatitis also commonly cause oral ulcers. Corticosteroids, immunocompromise, antibiotics, and dentures can predispose patients to oral candidiasis. Benign migratory glossitis (geographic tongue) occurs in up to 3% of the population but generally lacks symptoms, although some people experience food sensitivity or a burning sensation. Hairy tongue is associated with a low fiber diet, tobacco and alcohol use, and poor oral hygiene in older male patients. Generally, hairy tongue is asymptomatic except for an unattractive appearance or halitosis. Tobacco and alcohol use can cause mucosal changes resulting in leukoplakia and erythroplakia. These can represent precancerous changes and increase the risk of squamous cell carcinoma. Mandibular and maxillary tori are common bony cortical outgrowths that require no treatment in the absence of repeat trauma from chewing or interference with dentures. Oral lichen planus occurs in up to 2% of individuals and can present as lacy reticulations or oral erosions and ulcerations. Traumatic buccal mucosal fibromas and labial mucoceles from biting can be excised.
Topics: Aged; Glossitis, Benign Migratory; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Tongue, Hairy
PubMed: 35426641
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Evidence-based Integrative... 2018Our previous articles showed that suppressive or preventive treatment with the herbal Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin reduced the number and duration of genital herpes outbreaks... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Our previous articles showed that suppressive or preventive treatment with the herbal Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin reduced the number and duration of genital herpes outbreaks with no adverse effects. These studies also revealed that the herbal Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin is mostly superior to acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir drugs in genital herpes. This study tested the effect of Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin in oral herpes (also called cold sores and fever blisters).
METHODS
The framework of the study was a retrospective chart review. The study included 68 participants. The participants took 1 to 4 capsules per day over a period of 2 to 36 months. The study included 2 Food and Drug Administration-recommended controls: baseline and a no-treatment.
RESULTS
Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin was effective in 89.3% of participants. The treatment reduced the mean number of outbreaks per year from 6.0 and 3.6 in the control groups to 2.0 in the treatment group ( P < .0001 and P = .07, respectively). Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin reduced the mean duration of outbreaks from 9.8 and 5.8 days in the control groups to 3.2 days in the treatment group ( P < .0001 and P = .02, respectively). There were no reports of adverse experiences. Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin was compared to acyclovir and valacyclovir in 6 tests. In all tests, Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin showed higher efficacy. Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin also showed superior safety.
CONCLUSIONS
This clinical study showed that suppressive or preventive treatment with the herbal Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin reduced the number and duration of outbreaks in oral herpes without any adverse effects. The study also showed that the herbal Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin had better clinical effects than acyclovir and valacyclovir, the leading drugs in the category. Based on these results, we recommend using the herbal Gene-Eden-VIR/Novirin as preventive treatment for oral herpes and, specifically, as an alternative to the acyclovir and valacyclovir drugs.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antiviral Agents; Drug Combinations; Female; Herpes Labialis; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Plant Extracts; Quercetin; Retrospective Studies; Selenium; Young Adult
PubMed: 30362389
DOI: 10.1177/2515690X18806269 -
Viruses May 2019This manuscript aims to highlight all the clinical features of the herpes virus, with a particular focus on oral manifestations and in the maxillofacial district about...
This manuscript aims to highlight all the clinical features of the herpes virus, with a particular focus on oral manifestations and in the maxillofacial district about Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1) and Herpes Simplex Virus-2 (HSV-2). Oral herpes virus is a very common and often debilitating infectious disease for patients, affecting oral health and having important psychological implications. The collection of relevant data comes from the scientific databases Pubmed, Embase; initially this collection obtained an extremely high number of results, 1415. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, as well as a manual screening, the results included in this review were limited to 14. The results were expressed by evaluating all the signs and symptoms that this pathology entails during the study, paying attention to the characteristics linked to the quality of life and the psychological implications. This pathology has numerous therapies, which often make the healing phase of the manifestations of this viral pathology more comfortable. The therapies currently used for the treatment of this viral infection are pharmacological, topical, systemic, or instrumental, for example with laser devices.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Oral Health; Public Health Surveillance; Quality of Life; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Symptom Assessment; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31117264
DOI: 10.3390/v11050463 -
Oral Diseases Nov 2019The natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the immunocompetent host is complex and rich in controversial phenomena, namely the role of... (Review)
Review
The natural history of oral herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection in the immunocompetent host is complex and rich in controversial phenomena, namely the role of unapparent transmission in primary infection acquisition, the high frequency of asymptomatic primary and recurrent infections, the lack of immunogenicity of HSV-1 internalized in the soma (cell body) of the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, the lytic activity of HSV-1 in the soma of neurons that is inhibited in the sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion and often uncontrolled in the other neurons, the role of keratin in promoting the development of recurrence episodes in immunocompetent hosts, the virus-host Nash equilibrium, the paradoxical HSV-1-seronegative individuals who shed HSV-1 through saliva, the limited efficacy of anti-HSV vaccines, and why the oral route of infection is the least likely to produce severe complications. The natural history of oral HSV-1 infection is also a history of symbiosis between humans and virus that may switch from mutualism to parasitism and vice versa. This balance is typical of microorganisms that are highly coevolved with humans, and its knowledge is essential to oral healthcare providers to perform adequate diagnosis and provide proper individual-based HSV-1 infection therapy.
Topics: Herpes Labialis; Herpes Simplex; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Stomatitis, Herpetic; Trigeminal Ganglion
PubMed: 31733122
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13234 -
American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 2023The influence of dietary patterns on cutaneous disease has been an oft-posed question to dermatologists by patients in a clinical setting. Similarly, the popularity of... (Review)
Review
The influence of dietary patterns on cutaneous disease has been an oft-posed question to dermatologists by patients in a clinical setting. Similarly, the popularity of nutritional supplementation with vitamins, minerals, and nutraceutical blends has been increasing. Dermatologists, primary care physicians, and other providers should be familiar with dietary interventions that are evidence-based and those that are more marketable than efficacious. In this review, the modification of diet, including dietary exclusion and dietary supplementation for the treatment of rosacea, hidradenitis suppurativa (HS), herpes labialis, and vitiligo was investigated. Despite abundant anecdotal evidence, the literature search found no high-quality evidence that an elimination diet for rosacea "trigger foods" improved rosacea symptoms though these elimination diets (of hot, spicy, alcohol-containing, or cinnamaldehyde-containing foods) had low risk of harm. There is evidence that zinc supplementation and vitamin D supplementation in deficient patients is helpful for treating HS. For herpes labialis, L-lysine supplementation was found to be effective for prophylaxis but not for decreasing duration of active lesions. For vitiligo, the use of the herb in conjunction with phototherapy was found to increase repigmentation, as well as vitamin D supplementation in deficient patients.
PubMed: 36636389
DOI: 10.1177/15598276211026592 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Aug 2015Herpes simplex labialis (HSL), also known as cold sores, is a common disease of the lips caused by the herpes simplex virus, which is found throughout the world. It... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Herpes simplex labialis (HSL), also known as cold sores, is a common disease of the lips caused by the herpes simplex virus, which is found throughout the world. It presents as a painful vesicular eruption, forming unsightly crusts, which cause cosmetic disfigurement and psychosocial distress. There is no cure available, and it recurs periodically.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effects of interventions for the prevention of HSL in people of all ages.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the following databases up to 19 May 2015: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, the Oral Health Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library (Issue 4, 2015), MEDLINE (from 1946), EMBASE (from 1974), LILACS (from 1982), the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) database, Airiti Library, and 5 trial registers. To identify further references to relevant randomised controlled trials, we scanned the bibliographies of included studies and published reviews, and we also contacted the original researchers of our included studies.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions for preventing HSL in immunocompetent people.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently selected trials, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias. A third author was available for resolving differences of opinion.
MAIN RESULTS
This review included 32 RCTs, with a total of 2640 immunocompetent participants, covering 19 treatments. The quality of the body of evidence was low to moderate for most outcomes, but was very low for a few outcomes. Our primary outcomes were 'Incidence of HSL' and 'Adverse effects during use of the preventative intervention'.The evidence for short-term (≤ 1 month) use of oral aciclovir in preventing recurrent HSL was inconsistent across the doses used in the studies: 2 RCTs showed low quality evidence for a reduced recurrence of HSL with aciclovir 400 mg twice daily (risk ratio (RR) 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13 to 0.51; n = 177), while 1 RCT testing aciclovir 800 mg twice daily and 2 RCTs testing 200 mg 5 times daily found no similar preventive effects (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.87; n = 237; moderate quality evidence and RR 0.46, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.07; n = 66; low quality evidence, respectively). The direction of intervention effect was unrelated to the risk of bias. The evidence from 1 RCT for the effect of short-term use of valaciclovir in reducing recurrence of HSL by clinical evaluation was uncertain (RR 0.55, 95% CI 0.23 to 1.28; n = 125; moderate quality evidence), as was the evidence from 1 RCT testing short-term use of famciclovir.Long-term (> 1 month) use of oral antiviral agents reduced the recurrence of HSL. There was low quality evidence from 1 RCT that long-term use of oral aciclovir reduced clinical recurrences (1.80 versus 0.85 episodes per participant per a 4-month period, P = 0.009) and virological recurrence (1.40 versus 0.40 episodes per participant per a 4-month period, P = 0.003). One RCT found long-term use of valaciclovir effective in reducing the incidence of HSL (with a decrease of 0.09 episodes per participant per month; n = 95). One RCT found that a long-term suppressive regimen of valaciclovir had a lower incidence of HSL than an episodic regimen of valciclovir (difference in means (MD) -0.10 episodes per participant per month, 95% CI -0.16 to -0.05; n = 120).These trials found no increase in adverse events associated with the use of oral antiviral agents (moderate quality evidence).There was no evidence to show that short-term use of topical antiviral agents prevented recurrent HSL. There was moderate quality evidence from 2 RCTs that topical aciclovir 5% cream probably has little effect on preventing recurrence of HSL (pooled RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.72; n = 271). There was moderate quality evidence from a single RCT that topical foscarnet 3% cream has little effect in preventing HSL (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.40; n = 295).The efficacy of long-term use of topical aciclovir cream was uncertain. One RCT found significantly fewer research-diagnosed recurrences of HSL when on aciclovir cream treatment than on placebo (P < 0.05), but found no significant differences in the mean number of participant-reported recurrences between the 2 groups (P ≥ 0.05). One RCT found no preventive effect of topical application of 1,5-pentanediol gel for 26 weeks (P > 0.05). Another RCT found that the group who used 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclo dextrin 20% gel for 6 months had significantly more recurrences than the placebo group (P = 0.003).These studies found no increase in adverse events related to the use of topical antiviral agents.Two RCTs found that the application of sunscreen significantly prevented recurrent HSL induced by experimental ultraviolet light (pooled RR 0.07, 95% CI 0.01 to 0.33; n = 111), but another RCT found that sunscreen did not prevent HSL induced by sunlight (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.25 to 5.06; n = 51). These RCTs did not report adverse events.There were very few data suggesting that thymopentin, low-level laser therapy, and hypnotherapy are effective in preventing recurrent HSL, with one to two RCTs for each intervention. We failed to find any evidence of efficacy for lysine, LongoVital® supplementation, gamma globulin, herpes simplex virus (HSV) type I subunit vaccine, and yellow fever vaccine in preventing HSL. There were no consistent data supporting the efficacy of levamisole and interferon, which were also associated with an increased risk of adverse effects such as fever.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The current evidence demonstrates that long-term use of oral antiviral agents can prevent HSL, but the clinical benefit is small. We did not find evidence of an increased risk of adverse events. On the other hand, the evidence on topical antiviral agents and other interventions either showed no efficacy or could not confirm their efficacy in preventing HSL.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Herpes Labialis; Humans; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Recurrence; Secondary Prevention
PubMed: 26252373
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010095.pub2 -
Frontiers in Surgery 2021The lips and the mouth play an indispensable role in vocalization, mastication and face aesthetics. Various noxious factors may alter and destruct the original...
The lips and the mouth play an indispensable role in vocalization, mastication and face aesthetics. Various noxious factors may alter and destruct the original structure, and appearance of the lips and the anatomical area surrounding the mouth. The application of hyaluronic acid (HA) may serve as a safe method for lip regeneration. Although a number of studies exist for HA effectiveness and safety, its beneficial effect is not well-established. The present meta-analysis and systematic review was performed to investigate the effectiveness of HA on lip augmentation. We also investigated the types and nature of adverse effects (AEs) of HA application. We reported our meta-analysis in accordance with the PRISMA Statement. PROSPERO protocol registration: CRD42018102899. We performed the systematic literature search in CENTRAL, Embase, and MEDLINE. Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case series and case reports were included. The untransformed proportion (random-effects, DerSimonian-Laird method) of responder rate to HA injection was calculated. For treatment related AEs descriptive statistics were used. The systematic literature search yielded 32 eligible records for descriptive statistics and 10 records for quantitative synthesis. The results indicated that the overall estimate of responders (percentage of subjects with increased lip fullness by one point or higher) was 91% (ES = 0.91, 95% CI:0.85-0.96) 2 months after injection. The rate of responders was 74% (ES = 0.74, 95% CI:0.66-0.82) and 46% (ES = 0.46, 95% CI:0.28-0.65) after 6 and 12 months, respectively. We included 1,496 participants for estimating the event rates of AEs. The most frequent treatment-related AEs were tenderness (88.8%), injection site swelling (74.3%) and bruising (39.5%). Rare AEs included foreign body granulomas (0.6%), herpes labialis (0.6%) and angioedema (0.3%). Our meta-analysis revealed that lip augmentation with injectable HA is an efficient method for increasing lip fullness for at least up to 6 months after augmentation. Moreover, we found that most AEs of HA treatment were mild or moderate, but a small number of serious adverse effects were also found. In conclusion, further well-designed RCTs are still needed to make the presently available evidence stronger.
PubMed: 34422892
DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.681028