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Frontiers in Immunology 2022High sugar intake has long been recognized as a potential environmental risk factor for increased incidence of many non-communicable diseases, including obesity,... (Review)
Review
High sugar intake has long been recognized as a potential environmental risk factor for increased incidence of many non-communicable diseases, including obesity, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Dietary sugars are mainly hexoses, including glucose, fructose, sucrose and High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS). These sugars are primarily absorbed in the gut as fructose and glucose. The consumption of high sugar beverages and processed foods has increased significantly over the past 30 years. Here, we summarize the effects of consuming high levels of dietary hexose on rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and low-grade chronic inflammation. Based on these reported findings, we emphasize that dietary sugars and mixed processed foods may be a key factor leading to the occurrence and aggravation of inflammation. We concluded that by revealing the roles that excessive intake of hexose has on the regulation of human inflammatory diseases are fundamental questions that need to be solved urgently. Moreover, close attention should also be paid to the combination of high glucose-mediated immune imbalance and tumor development, and strive to make substantial contributions to reverse tumor immune escape.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fructose; Glucose; High Fructose Corn Syrup; Humans; Inflammation; Sucrose; Sugars
PubMed: 36119103
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988481 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Disease Susceptibility; Hexoses; Homeostasis; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation
PubMed: 35082801
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.832293 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2021is an important hemibiotrophic plant pathogen that causes crucifer anthracnose worldwide. To date, some hexose transporters have been identified in fungi. However, the...
is an important hemibiotrophic plant pathogen that causes crucifer anthracnose worldwide. To date, some hexose transporters have been identified in fungi. However, the functions of hexose transporters in virulence are not clear in hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. In this study, we identified and characterized a new hexose transporter gene named from a T-DNA insertion pathogenicity-deficient mutant G256 in . Expression profiling analysis revealed that six genes, to , exhibited specific expression patterns in different infection phases of The to were separately deleted using the principle of homologous recombination. to deletion mutants grew normally on PDA plates, but only the virulence of and deletion mutants was reduced. was required for fungal infection in both biotrophic and necrotrophic stages, while was important for formation of necrotrophic hyphae during infection. In addition, ChHxts were functional in uptake of different hexoses, but only -expressing cells could grow on all five hexoses, indicating that the ChHxt6 was a central hexose transporter and crucial for hexose uptake. Site-directed mutation of T169S and P221L positions revealed that these two positions were necessary for hexose transport, whereas only the mutation Thr169 caused reduced virulence and defect in formation of necrotrophic hyphae. Taken together, might regulate fungal virulence by modulating the utilization of hexose.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Brassica; Colletotrichum; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Genes, Fungal; Hexoses; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins; Plant Diseases; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34073109
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115963 -
Plant Physiology Jul 2023Sugars are fundamental to plant developmental processes. For fruits, the accumulation and proportion of sugars play crucial roles in the development of quality and...
Sugars are fundamental to plant developmental processes. For fruits, the accumulation and proportion of sugars play crucial roles in the development of quality and attractiveness. In citrus (Citrus reticulata Blanco.), we found that the difference in sweetness between mature fruits of "Gongchuan" and its bud sport "Youliang" is related to hexose contents. Expression of a SuS (sucrose synthase) gene CitSUS5 and a SWEET (sugars will eventually be exported transporter) gene CitSWEET6, characterized by transcriptome analysis at different developmental stages of these 2 varieties, revealed higher expression levels in "Youliang" fruit. The roles of CitSUS5 and CitSWEET6 were investigated by enzyme activity and transient assays. CitSUS5 promoted the cleavage of sucrose to hexoses, and CitSWEET6 was identified as a fructose transporter. Further investigation identified the transcription factor CitZAT5 (ZINC FINGER OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA) that contributes to sucrose metabolism and fructose transportation by positively regulating CitSUS5 and CitSWEET6. The role of CitZAT5 in fruit sugar accumulation and hexose proportion was investigated by homologous transient CitZAT5 overexpression, -VIGS, and -RNAi. CitZAT5 modulates the hexose proportion in citrus by mediating CitSUS5 and CitSWEET6 expression, and the molecular mechanism explained the differences in sugar composition of "Youliang" and "Gongchuan" fruit.
Topics: Citrus; Fructose; Fruit; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Hexoses; Membrane Transport Proteins; Sucrose; Sugars; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 36911987
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad156 -
WormBook : the Online Review of C.... Jan 2013Over the past 10 years, the relevance of small-molecule signaling for many aspects of C. elegans development and behavior has become apparent. One prominent group of... (Review)
Review
Over the past 10 years, the relevance of small-molecule signaling for many aspects of C. elegans development and behavior has become apparent. One prominent group of small-molecule signals are the ascarosides, which control dauer entry and exit as well as a variety of sex-specific and social behaviors, including male attraction, hermaphrodite repulsion, olfactory plasticity, and aggregation. This wide range of biological functions is facilitated by a great diversity of ascaroside chemical structures. These are based on the sugar ascarylose, which is linked to fatty acid-like side chains of varying lengths and often decorated further with building blocks derived from amino acids, folate, and other primary metabolites. Different ascarosides or combinations of ascarosides mediate different phenotypes, and even small differences in chemical structures are often associated with strongly altered activity profiles. Additional complexity arises from concentration-dependent effects and synergism between different ascarosides. The ascarosides are sensed by several types of chemosensory head neurons, including the ASK, ASI, and ADL neurons as well as the male-specific CEM neurons. Ascaroside perception is mediated by diverse families of G-protein coupled membrane receptors that act upstream of conserved signal transduction pathways, including insulin/IGF-1 signaling and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling. Biosynthesis of the ascarosides appears to integrate input from several primary metabolic pathways, including peroxisomal β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids and amino acid catabolism. Life stage, sex, as well as food availability and other environmental factors affect ascaroside biosynthesis, suggesting that ascaroside signaling communicates detailed information about life history and metabolic state.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Glycolipids; Hexoses; Pheromones; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 23355522
DOI: 10.1895/wormbook.1.155.1 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2022, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can hijack the host's carbohydrates for survival. When the host plant is infected by , a large amount of soluble sugar accumulates...
, an obligate intracellular pathogen, can hijack the host's carbohydrates for survival. When the host plant is infected by , a large amount of soluble sugar accumulates in the roots, especially glucose, which probably facilitates the development of this pathogen. Although a complete glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) cycle existed in , very little information about the hexose transport system has been reported. In this study, we screened 17 putative sugar transporters based on information about their typical domains. The structure of these transporters showed a lot of variation compared with that of other organisms, especially the number of transmembrane helices (TMHs). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these sugar transporters were far from the evolutionary relationship of other organisms and were unique in . The hexose transport activity assay indicated that eight transporters transported glucose or fructose and could restore the growth of yeast strain EBY.VW4000, which was deficient in hexose transport. The expression level of these glucose transporters was significantly upregulated at the late inoculation time when resting spores and galls were developing and a large amount of energy was needed. Our study provides new insights into the mechanism of survival in host cells by hijacking and utilizing the carbohydrates of the host.
Topics: Glucose; Hexoses; Phylogeny; Plant Diseases; Plasmodiophorida; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Sugars
PubMed: 35563657
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095264 -
Nutrients Nov 2018Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is... (Review)
Review
Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition, while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-d-glucose, d-glucosamine, and d-allulose, which show antiaging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs.
Topics: Acarbose; Aging; Animals; Blood Glucose; Caloric Restriction; Chitosan; Deoxyglucose; Glucosamine; Glycolysis; Hexoses; Humans; Longevity; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
PubMed: 30469486
DOI: 10.3390/nu10121821 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Apr 2014Transport proteins have sometimes gained secondary regulatory functions that influence gene expression and metabolism. These functions allow communication with the... (Review)
Review
Transport proteins have sometimes gained secondary regulatory functions that influence gene expression and metabolism. These functions allow communication with the external world via mechanistically distinctive signal transduction pathways. In this brief review we focus on three transport systems in Escherichia coli that control and coordinate carbon, exogenous hexose-phosphate and phosphorous metabolism. The transport proteins that play central roles in these processes are: first, the phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS), second, the glucose-6-phosphate receptor, UhpC, and third, the phosphate-specific transporter, PstSABC, respectively. While the PTS participates in multiple complex regulatory processes, three of which are discussed here, UhpC and the Pst transporters exemplify differing strategies.
Topics: Carbon; Escherichia coli; Escherichia coli Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Hexoses; Membrane Transport Proteins; Phosphorus; Transcription, Genetic
PubMed: 24513656
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.01.002 -
BMC Plant Biology Jun 2022Sugar content is an important indicator of fruit quality. Except for a few wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose in the fruits, most cultivated tomato species...
BACKGROUND
Sugar content is an important indicator of fruit quality. Except for a few wild tomato species that accumulate sucrose in the fruits, most cultivated tomato species accumulate hexose. Although several studies have focused on wild sucrose-accumulating tomato, the sucrose accumulation mechanism is still unclear.
RESULTS
Here, two homozygous inbred cherry tomato lines ('TB0023' and 'TB0278', which accumulated sucrose and hexose, respectively) were selected to analyze the sugar accumulation mechanism. Carbohydrate analysis, cytological observation, gene expression and enzyme activity analysis and proteomics methods were used in this study. The results indicated that glucose and fructose were absolutely dominant in the soluble sugar content of hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit, while sucrose and a certain proportion of hexose were the main forms of soluble sugar in sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit. The phloem unloading pathway of the hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit switched from symplastic to apoplastic during fruit development, and the sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato probably had a mixed unloading pathway involving the symplastic and apoplastic. High activity of acid invertase (AI), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), sucrose synthase (SS) and sugar transporters LeSUT1, SlSWEET2a and SlSWEET12c were important factors for hexose accumulation in the hexose-accumulating cherry tomato fruit, while LeSUT2, SPS, SS, SlSWEET1b, SlSWEET5b, SlSWEET11b, SlSWEET7a, SlSWEET14 were responsible for solute sugar accumulation in the sucrose-accumulating cherry tomato.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides detailed evidence for elucidation of the tomato sugar accumulation mechanism from the perspective of cell structure, physiology and molecular biology, providing a theoretical basis for the improvement of tomato quality and aiding the utilization of tomato genetic resources.
Topics: Fruit; Hexoses; Solanum lycopersicum; Sucrose; Sugars
PubMed: 35729535
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03685-8 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Sucrose and its derivative hexoses are key metabolites of the plant metabolism, structural units of cell walls and stored reserves (e [...].
Sucrose and its derivative hexoses are key metabolites of the plant metabolism, structural units of cell walls and stored reserves (e [...].
Topics: Plants; Biological Transport; Sucrose; Hexoses; Cell Wall; Carbohydrate Metabolism
PubMed: 36982729
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065655