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Jornal Vascular Brasileiro 2017There are few options for treating critical ischemia in limbs with no distal patency. Diverting flow through the venous circulation is an option supported by evidence...
BACKGROUND
There are few options for treating critical ischemia in limbs with no distal patency. Diverting flow through the venous circulation is an option supported by evidence from numerous published studies.
OBJECTIVES
To compare the behavior of clinical and laboratory variables between the hind limbs of pigs subjected to ischemia and to ischemia with reperfusion by retrograde circulation and between these intervention groups and a control group.
METHODS
Ten pigs were divided into 2 groups. In group 1 (n=5), controls, patterns of physiological variables such as flow according to Doppler ultrasound, temperature, blood gas analysis results, lactate, creatine kinase, and blood pressure were evaluated. In group 2 (n=5), after an initial ischemia period with mean duration of 27 minutes and 30 seconds, provoked by interrupting flow through the femoral arteries, the animals were subjected to venous arterialization of the left hind limb while the right hind limb was maintained in ischemia. Variables were analyzed separately for each hind leg at 0, 2, 3, 4, and 6 hours after reperfusion and compared against each other and the control group.
RESULTS
Analysis of variables from both procedures showed decreases in BE and PO and significant increases in lactate and creatine kinase, in relation to the control group. In arterialized ischemic limbs, we observed flow on Doppler ultrasound, and arterial pressures and temperatures were higher than in the ischemic limbs.
CONCLUSIONS
Comparative analysis of the extremities in ischemia and arterialized ischemia showed, in relation to the control group, metabolic acidosis with significant increases in lactate and creatine kinase, suggesting cellular damage, and there were signs of retrograde reperfusion in arterialized extremities.
PubMed: 29930645
DOI: 10.1590/1677-5449.009016 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Research :... Mar 2019Foot type has been associated with pain, injury, and altered gait mechanics. Morphological variations in foot bones due to foot type variation may impact surgical and...
Foot type has been associated with pain, injury, and altered gait mechanics. Morphological variations in foot bones due to foot type variation may impact surgical and therapeutic treatments. The purpose of this study was to utilize principal component analysis (PCA) to determine how morphology of the hind- and midfoot bones differs among foot types and sex. The calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuboid were segmented using previously obtained computed tomography (CT) scans and converted to surface models. The CTs were sorted into four foot types-cavus, neutrally aligned, asymptomatic planus, and symptomatic planus. Morphometric shape analysis software (Geomorph) was used to perform a PCA to determine which components varied between foot types and between sexes. The calcaneus showed planus feet of both types to have calcanei that have decreased height and increased length compared to neutrally aligned feet. The talus demonstrated increased posterior mass for cavus feet compared to neutrally aligned feet. For the navicular, symptomatic planus had a more posteriorly positioned tuberosity and were wider than asymptomatic planus feet. The cuboid did not exhibit any differences between foot types. Sex differences, found only at the talus and navicular, were subtle. PCA is an objective technique that helped elucidate differences in bone morphology between foot types and sex without needing to determine the features of interest before comparing groups. Understanding these variations can help inform diagnosis of foot pathologies and surgical protocols as well as improve computer models of the foot. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. J Orthop Res 9999:1-16, 2019.
Topics: Adult; Anatomic Variation; Calcaneus; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Principal Component Analysis; Sex Characteristics; Talus
PubMed: 30537297
DOI: 10.1002/jor.24197 -
Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio) Mar 2020The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of fat grafting on radiation-induced hind limb contracture. Radiation therapy (RT) is used to palliate...
The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic effects of fat grafting on radiation-induced hind limb contracture. Radiation therapy (RT) is used to palliate and/or cure a range of malignancies but causes inevitable and progressive fibrosis of surrounding soft tissue. Pathological fibrosis may lead to painful contractures which limit movement and negatively impact quality of life. Fat grafting is able to reduce and/or reverse radiation-induced soft tissue fibrosis. We explored whether fat grafting could improve extensibility in irradiated and contracted hind limbs of mice. Right hind limbs of female 60-day-old CD-1 nude mice were irradiated. Chronic skin fibrosis and limb contracture developed. After 4 weeks, irradiated hind limbs were then injected with (a) fat enriched with stromal vascular cells (SVCs), (b) fat only, (c) saline, or (d) nothing (n = 10/group). Limb extension was measured at baseline and every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Hind limb skin then underwent histological analysis and biomechanical strength testing. Irradiation significantly reduced limb extension but was progressively rescued by fat grafting. Fat grafting also reduced skin stiffness and reversed the radiation-induced histological changes in the skin. The greatest benefits were found in mice injected with fat enriched with SVCs. Hind limb radiation induces contracture in our mouse model which can be improved with fat grafting. Enriching fat with SVCs enhances these beneficial effects. These results underscore an attractive approach to address challenging soft tissue fibrosis in patients following RT.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Contracture; Female; Hindlimb; Humans; Mice; Mice, Nude; Radiation Injuries, Experimental
PubMed: 31793745
DOI: 10.1002/stem.3115 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2018Therapeutic angiogenesis offers promise as a novel treatment that is complementary to surgical or endovascular procedures for peripheral arterial diseases (PAD).... (Review)
Review
Therapeutic angiogenesis offers promise as a novel treatment that is complementary to surgical or endovascular procedures for peripheral arterial diseases (PAD). Appropriate development and use of hind limb ischemia models is necessary for successful studies of therapeutic angiogenesis and/or arteriogenesis. In this chapter, we describe two commonly used murine unilateral hind limb ischemia models, the femoral artery transection model and the femoral/saphenous artery excision model.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Hindlimb; Humans; Ischemia; Mice; Neovascularization, Physiologic; Peripheral Arterial Disease
PubMed: 29468589
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7526-6_11 -
Molecular Pain 2019Cisplatin is a widely used platinum-derived antineoplastic agent that frequently results in peripheral neuropathy. Therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain are...
Cisplatin is a widely used platinum-derived antineoplastic agent that frequently results in peripheral neuropathy. Therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain are limited and characterized by variable efficacy and severe adverse effects. Clinical translation of novel analgesics has proven difficult with many agents demonstrating preclinical efficacy failing in clinical trials. Preclinical studies frequently assess pain behaviors in the hind paws; however, the front paws have a greater degree of the fine sensorimotor functions characteristically damaged by chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. This is the first study to assess pain responses in the front paws. Here, we test the hypothesis that mouse front paws exhibit pain-related alterations in mechanical and thermal (cold) sensitivity in a murine model of cisplatin-induced neuropathy and that pharmacological treatment with amitriptyline, gabapentin, ibuprofen, and URB937 normalize pain behaviors in the front and hind paws. Cold (acetone withdrawal latencies) and mechanical (von Frey withdrawal thresholds) sensitivity were significantly increased and decreased respectively in both the front and the hind paws following initiation of weekly systemic (intraperitoneal) cisplatin injections (5 mg/kg). For the hind paws, systemic administration of amitriptyline (30 mg/kg), gabapentin (100 mg/kg), ibuprofen (0–10 mg/kg), or URB937 (0–10 mg/kg) resulted in a decrease in acetone withdrawal latencies and increase in von Frey withdrawal thresholds with return to normal values at the highest doses tested. For the front paws, return to baseline values for the highest doses was found for cold allodynia but not mechanical allodynia, where the highest doses failed to return to baseline values. These results indicate that mouse front paws exhibit pain-related changes in cisplatin-induced neuropathy and that drug effects can vary based on testing stimulus and location. This suggests that front paw responses across multiple modalities provide reliable and accurate information about pain-related drug effects. Future studies should be aimed at elucidating the mechanisms underlying these differential effects.
Topics: Amitriptyline; Analgesics; Animals; Cannabinoids; Cisplatin; Disease Models, Animal; Gabapentin; Hyperalgesia; Ibuprofen; Male; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 31418316
DOI: 10.1177/1744806919874192 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2020Little is known about the weight distribution to the remaining limbs for amputee dogs that undergo orthopedic surgery. The objective of the paper was to describe stance...
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the weight distribution to the remaining limbs for amputee dogs that undergo orthopedic surgery. The objective of the paper was to describe stance and weight distribution after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) in forelimb and in hind limb amputees (Amp) and to compare them to four-legged TPLO patients (4L) and amputees without TPLO (Amp). Weight bearing distribution at a stance was compared between groups. Joint angles of forelimb and hind limb joints in a sagittal plane, hind limb orientation in a frontal plane, and pelvic orientation in a transverse plane (pelvic tilt) were measured and compared between groups.
RESULTS
Joint angles, hind limb abduction, and pelvic tilt of Amp and Amp did not differ statistically. Mean weight bearing in the operated hind limb was higher for Amp than 4L. Mean weight bearing for thoracic limbs of Amp and 4L did not differ statistically. Weight bearing of the hind limb of Amp and Amp did not differ statistically.
CONCLUSIONS
The position of the center of mass and posture of Amp and Amp does not differ. The weight distribution and posture of Amp is not impacted negatively by TPLO.
Topics: Amputation, Surgical; Animals; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; Dogs; Extremities; Female; Male; Osteotomy; Posture; Tibia
PubMed: 32522203
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02402-7 -
Journal of Anatomy Oct 2019Seismic signalling in the form of hind foot drumming plays an integral role in the communication of several species of African mole-rats (Bathyergidae). To produce these...
Seismic signalling in the form of hind foot drumming plays an integral role in the communication of several species of African mole-rats (Bathyergidae). To produce these vibrational signals, alternating hind limbs strike the ground repetitively at high speeds by flexion and extension of the hip and knee. This descriptive study aimed to determine whether anatomical differences in hind limb osteology and/or musculature between drumming and non-drumming species of three Bathyergidae species could be detected. Formalin-fixed left and right hind limbs of 24 animals (N = 48) consisting of three species (n = 16 each) of two drumming species, Georychus capensis and Bathyergus suillus, and one non-drumming species, Cryptomys hottentotus natalensis, were dissected to determine the origins and insertions of individual muscles. After dissection, all soft tissue was removed by maceration. Hind limb bones, including the pelvis, were photographed, and the exact muscle origin and insertion points were electronically mapped onto the images using imaging software. On lateral view, the acetabular position was parallel to the sacrum in G. capensis, while being more ventral in position in the other two species. The shape of the femur head was spherical and the neck defined in all species. The distal shaft of the femur was gracile and the epicondyles were robust and prominent in the non-drumming C. h. natalensis compared with the drumming species. Shallow and relatively wide patellar grooves were observed in all three species. In the two drumming species, m. gracilis was single, whereas it was double in C. h. natalensis. In all three species, m. tensor fasciae latae was absent. The more dorsal positioning of the acetabulum in G. capensis may be needed to increase the stability of the spine and allow for more force to be exerted on the pelvis during drumming. It is unlikely that m. gracilis plays a role in drumming, as the singularity or doubling thereof is variable among rodents. It is additionally postulated that m. gluteus superficialis has taken the hip rotator role of m. tensor fasciae latae as it partially inserted onto the lateral fascia of the thigh. The more robust ilia, femoral shafts and tibiae observed in the two drumming species studied here are possible adaptations for hind foot drumming, as robust bones are able to withstand the additional biomechanical loading during drumming.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animal Communication; Animals; Bone and Bones; Foot; Hindlimb; Mole Rats; Muscle, Skeletal
PubMed: 31218687
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13028 -
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021(Fam. Loranthaceae) has been reported to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem...
Extract and Its Major Constituents, Methyl Gallate and Quercetin, Potentiate Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Diabetic Hind Limb Ischemia: HPTLC Quantification and LC-MS/MS Metabolic Profiling.
(Fam. Loranthaceae) has been reported to possess hypoglycemic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. Liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed the presence of a high content of polyphenolic compounds that are attributed to the therapeutic effects of the crude extract. In addition, methyl gallate and quercetin were detected as major phytomedicinal agents at concentrations of 1.7% and 0.062 g%, respectively, using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The present study investigated the effect of the extract and its isolated compounds, methyl gallate and quercetin, on hind limb ischemia induced in type 1 diabetic rats. Histopathological examination revealed that treatment with extract, methyl gallate, and quercetin decreased degenerative changes and inflammation in the ischemic muscle. Further biochemical assessment of the hind limb tissue showed decreased oxidative stress, increased levels of nitric oxide and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and enhancement of the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the groups treated with methyl gallate and quercetin. Expression levels of hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α), VEGF, fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and miR-146a were upregulated in the muscle tissue of methyl gallate- and quercetin-treated groups along with downregulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In conclusion, extract and its isolated compounds, methyl gallate and quercetin, mediated therapeutic angiogenesis in diabetic hind limb ischemia.
PubMed: 34829572
DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111701 -
JDS Communications Mar 2022We describe a novel approach for analyzing thermal images by way of radiomics (i.e., thermal radiomics) and how it can be used to monitor short-term temperature changes...
We describe a novel approach for analyzing thermal images by way of radiomics (i.e., thermal radiomics) and how it can be used to monitor short-term temperature changes of dairy cow hind teats; that is, delta thermal radiomics. The heat generated from metabolic activities and blood-flow patterns can be visualized using thermal radiography of the skin surface. The hind teats from 25 dairy cows were imaged with a digital thermal camera and the images were converted to medical images (DICOM format) by mapping the multi-channel colorized thermal image to a monochromatic image whose intensities represent temperature. The 50 teats (left and right hind) were then manually segmented by 2 investigators. Radiomics analysis, which is a common method of extracting semantic and nonsemantic image biomarkers from medical images for machine learning, was performed. To evaluate whether this approach can detect pre- and postmilking differences, 18 cows were imaged before and after milking, the teats were manually segmented, and radiomic calculations were performed. Student's -test was used to provide an estimate of the likelihood of whether postmilking thermal image biomarkers are the same as premilking thermal image biomarkers, and Cohen's was used to evaluate the size of the effect ( > 1.2). To evaluate uncertainties from manual segmentation, the Dice similarity score (DS) between the 2 investigators' segments was computed. The average DS (95% confidence limit) was 0.952 (0.913-0.982) when comparing the 2 investigators' segmentations. There was no significant difference in DS when comparing the left and right segmented teats, suggesting that teats can be segmented consistently. No differences ( < 0.36) were observed when comparing image biomarkers from one investigator's segments with the other's, suggesting that image biomarkers computed from one investigator's segmentation of teats are not likely to differ from those computed from the other investigator. When comparing image biomarkers before and after milking, 109 image biomarkers were analyzed, and 17 image biomarkers were simultaneously significant and exhibited effect size. Thus, delta thermal radiomics offers a noninvasive and quantitative method of monitoring skin temperature changes in humans and animals after an intervention. The advantage of this approach is that it can reveal both perceptible and imperceptible surface temperature features that may be useful for detecting and managing dairy teat health.
PubMed: 36339742
DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0179 -
Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Dec 2021Rodent behavior assessments have been developed to evaluate pain. However, their fidgety activity and reactivity to human contact make it hard to activate animals in a...
Rodent behavior assessments have been developed to evaluate pain. However, their fidgety activity and reactivity to human contact make it hard to activate animals in a consistent manner and get uniform and trustworthy responses. The present study was performed on prairie voles (aged 8 weeks). Sham (7 male prairie voles) and chronic constriction injury (CCI) (8 male prairie voles) rodents were investigated before surgery and four and seven days later. Each animal was assessed for nociceptive behavior. Pressure and mechanical threshold tests were conducted by the application of three different pushers to the center of hind paws and arterial clips to the toes while sedated with isoflurane. The CCI affected right lower extremity prominently increased nociceptive behavior scores four and seven days after the experiment, and the CCI affected right hind paw prominently decreased pressure and mechanical threshold tests four and seven days after the experiment . The pressure and mechanical thresholds were relevant to the scorings of nociceptive behavior in CCI model animals.
PubMed: 35291401
DOI: 10.5812/aapm.118299