-
The American Journal of Clinical... May 2007Histamine intolerance results from a disequilibrium of accumulated histamine and the capacity for histamine degradation. Histamine is a biogenic amine that occurs to... (Review)
Review
Histamine intolerance results from a disequilibrium of accumulated histamine and the capacity for histamine degradation. Histamine is a biogenic amine that occurs to various degrees in many foods. In healthy persons, dietary histamine can be rapidly detoxified by amine oxidases, whereas persons with low amine oxidase activity are at risk of histamine toxicity. Diamine oxidase (DAO) is the main enzyme for the metabolism of ingested histamine. It has been proposed that DAO, when functioning as a secretory protein, may be responsible for scavenging extracellular histamine after mediator release. Conversely, histamine N-methyltransferase, the other important enzyme inactivating histamine, is a cytosolic protein that can convert histamine only in the intracellular space of cells. An impaired histamine degradation based on reduced DAO activity and the resulting histamine excess may cause numerous symptoms mimicking an allergic reaction. The ingestion of histamine-rich food or of alcohol or drugs that release histamine or block DAO may provoke diarrhea, headache, rhinoconjunctival symptoms, asthma, hypotension, arrhythmia, urticaria, pruritus, flushing, and other conditions in patients with histamine intolerance. Symptoms can be reduced by a histamine-free diet or be eliminated by antihistamines. However, because of the multifaceted nature of the symptoms, the existence of histamine intolerance has been underestimated, and further studies based on double-blind, placebo-controlled provocations are needed. In patients in whom the abovementioned symptoms are triggered by the corresponding substances and who have a negative diagnosis of allergy or internal disorders, histamine intolerance should be considered as an underlying pathomechanism.
Topics: Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); Food Hypersensitivity; Histamine; Histamine Agents; Histamine H1 Antagonists; Histamine N-Methyltransferase; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Delayed; Hypersensitivity, Immediate
PubMed: 17490952
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/85.5.1185 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Histamine intolerance (HIT) is assumed to be due to a deficiency of the gastrointestinal (GI) enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and, therefore, the food component histamine... (Review)
Review
Histamine intolerance (HIT) is assumed to be due to a deficiency of the gastrointestinal (GI) enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) and, therefore, the food component histamine not being degraded and/or absorbed properly within the GI tract. Involvement of the GI mucosa in various disorders and diseases, several with unknown origin, and the effects of some medications seem to reduce gastrointestinal DAO activity. HIT causes variable, functional, nonspecific, non-allergic GI and extra-intestinal complaints. Usually, evaluation for HIT is not included in differential diagnoses of patients with unexplained, functional GI complaints or in the here-listed disorders and diseases. The clinical diagnosis of HIT is challenging, and the thorough anamnesis of all HIT-linked complaints, using a standardized questionnaire, is the mainstay of HIT diagnosis. So far, DAO values in serum have not been established to correlate with DAO activity in the gut, but the diagnosis of HIT may be supported with determination of a low serum DAO value. A targeted dietary intervention, consisting of a histamine-reduced diet and/or supplementation with oral DAO capsules, is helpful to reduce HIT-related symptoms. This manuscript will present why histamine should also be taken into account in the differential diagnoses of patients with various diseases and disorders of unknown origin, but with association to functional gastrointestinal complaints. In this review, we discuss currently increasing evidence that HIT is primarily a gastrointestinal disorder and that it originates in the gut.
Topics: Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing); Diagnosis, Differential; Dietary Supplements; Food Intolerance; Histamine; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa
PubMed: 33921522
DOI: 10.3390/nu13041262 -
Nutrients Jun 2021The intake of food may be an initiator of adverse reactions. Food intolerance is an abnormal non-immunological response of the organism to the ingestion of food or its... (Review)
Review
The intake of food may be an initiator of adverse reactions. Food intolerance is an abnormal non-immunological response of the organism to the ingestion of food or its components in a dosage normally tolerated. Despite the fact that food intolerance is spread throughout the world, its diagnosing is still difficult. Histamine intolerance (HIT) is the term for that type of food intolerance which includes a set of undesirable reactions as a result of accumulated or ingested histamine. Manifestations may be caused by various pathophysiological mechanisms or a combination of them. The problem with a "diagnosis" of HIT is precisely the inconstancy and variety of the manifestations in the same individual following similar stimuli. The diagnosing of HIT therefore requires a complex time-demanding multidisciplinary approach, including the systematic elimination of disorders with a similar manifestation of symptoms. Among therapeutic approaches, the gold standard is a low-histamine diet. A good response to such a diet is considered to be confirmation of HIT. Alongside the dietary measures, DAO supplementation supporting the degradation of ingested histamine may be considered as subsidiary treatment for individuals with intestinal DAO deficiency. If antihistamines are indicated, the treatment should be conscious and time-limited, while 2nd or 3rd generation of H antihistamines should take precedence.
Topics: Diet Therapy; Food Hypersensitivity; Food Intolerance; Histamine; Humans
PubMed: 34209583
DOI: 10.3390/nu13072228 -
Nutrients Sep 2021Histamine is a natural amine derived from L-histidine. Although it seems that our knowledge about this molecule is wide and diverse, the importance of histamine in many... (Review)
Review
Histamine is a natural amine derived from L-histidine. Although it seems that our knowledge about this molecule is wide and diverse, the importance of histamine in many regulatory processes is still enigmatic. The interplay between different types of histamine receptors and the compound may cause ample effects, including histamine intoxication and so-called histamine intolerance or non-allergic food intolerance, leading to disturbances in immune regulation, manifestation of gastroenterological symptoms, and neurological diseases. Most cases of clinical manifestations of histamine intolerance are non-specific due to tissue-specific distribution of different histamine receptors and the lack of reproducible and reliable diagnostic markers. The diagnosis of histamine intolerance is fraught with difficulties, in addition to challenges related to the selection of a proper treatment strategy, the regular course of recovery, and reduced amelioration of chronic symptoms due to inappropriate treatment prescription. Here, we reviewed a history of histamine uptake starting from the current knowledge about its degradation and the prevalence of histamine precursors in daily food, and continuing with the receptor interactions after entering and the impacts on the immune, central nervous, and gastrointestinal systems. The purpose of this review is to build an extraordinarily specific method of histamine cycle assessment in regard to non-allergic intolerance and its possible dire consequences that can be suffered.
Topics: Food Intolerance; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Histamine; Humans
PubMed: 34579083
DOI: 10.3390/nu13093207 -
Nutrients Apr 2021A low-histamine diet is currently the most advised strategy to prevent the symptomatology of histamine intolerance. Conceptually, these diets should be founded on the...
A low-histamine diet is currently the most advised strategy to prevent the symptomatology of histamine intolerance. Conceptually, these diets should be founded on the exclusion of histamine-containing foods, although a certain disparity is found within the list of excluded foods in accordance with the different low-histamine diets available in the literature. This study aimed to critically review low-histamine diets reported in the scientific literature, according to the histamine and other biogenic amine contents of the excluded foods. A total of ten scientific studies that provided specific recommendations on the foods that must be avoided within the framework of a low-histamine diet were found. Overall, the comparative review brought out the great heterogenicity in the type of foods that are advised against for histamine intolerant individuals. Excluded foods were, in most cases, different depending on the considered diet. Only fermented foods were unanimously excluded. The exclusion of 32% of foods could be explained by the occurrence of high contents of histamine. The presence of putrescine, which may interfere with histamine degradation by the DAO enzyme at the intestinal level, could partly explain the reason why certain foods (i.e., citrus fruits and bananas) were also frequently reported in low-histamine diets. Finally, there was a range of excluded foods with an absence or very low levels of biogenic amines. In this case, certain foods have been tagged as histamine-liberators, although the mechanism responsible has not yet been elucidated.
Topics: Beverages; Diet; Food; Histamine; Humans
PubMed: 33919293
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051395 -
Neuropharmacology Jul 2016The neuromodulator histamine is released throughout the brain during periods of wakefulness. Combined with an abundant expression of histamine receptors, this suggests... (Review)
Review
The neuromodulator histamine is released throughout the brain during periods of wakefulness. Combined with an abundant expression of histamine receptors, this suggests potential widespread histaminergic control of neural circuit activity. However, the effect of histamine on many of these circuits is unknown. In this review we will discuss recent evidence for histaminergic modulation of the basal ganglia circuitry, and specifically its main input nucleus; the striatum. Furthermore, we will discuss recent findings of histaminergic dysfunction in several basal ganglia disorders, including in Parkinson's disease and most prominently, in Tourette's syndrome, which has led to a resurgence of interest in this neuromodulator. Combined, these recent observations not only suggest a central role for histamine in modulating basal ganglia activity and behaviour, but also as a possible target in treating basal ganglia disorders. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Histamine Receptors'.
Topics: Animals; Corpus Striatum; Histamine; Humans
PubMed: 26275849
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.013 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Bacteria have evolved sophisticated signaling mechanisms to coordinate interactions with organisms of other domains, such as plants, animals and human hosts. Several... (Review)
Review
Bacteria have evolved sophisticated signaling mechanisms to coordinate interactions with organisms of other domains, such as plants, animals and human hosts. Several important signal molecules have been identified that are synthesized by members of different domains and that play important roles in inter-domain communication. In this article, we review recent data supporting that histamine is a signal molecule that may play an important role in inter-domain and inter-species communication. Histamine is a key signal molecule in humans, with multiple functions, such as being a neurotransmitter or modulator of immune responses. More recent studies have shown that bacteria have evolved different mechanisms to sense histamine or histamine metabolites. Histamine sensing in the human pathogen was found to trigger chemoattraction to histamine and to regulate the expression of many virulence-related genes. Further studies have shown that many bacteria are able to synthesize and secrete histamine. The release of histamine by bacteria in the human gut was found to modulate the host immune responses and, at higher doses, to result in host pathologies. The elucidation of the role of histamine as an inter-domain signaling molecule is an emerging field of research and future investigation is required to assess its potential general nature.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Histamine; Histamine Release; Humans; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34204625
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126312 -
Genes To Cells : Devoted To Molecular &... Jul 2020Histamine is a bioactive monoamine that is synthesized by the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in basophils, mast cells, gastric enterochromaffin-like... (Review)
Review
Histamine is a bioactive monoamine that is synthesized by the enzymatic activity of histidine decarboxylase (HDC) in basophils, mast cells, gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and histaminergic neuronal cells. Upon a series of cellular stimuli, these cells release stored histamine, which elicits allergies, inflammation, and gastric acid secretion and regulates neuronal activity. Recent studies have shown that certain other types of myeloid lineage cells also produce histamine with HDC induction under various pathogenic stimuli. Histamine has been shown to play a series of pathophysiological roles by modulating immune and inflammatory responses in a number of disease conditions, whereas the mechanistic aspects underlying induced HDC expression remain elusive. In the present review, we summarize the current understanding of the regulatory mechanism of Hdc gene expression and the roles played by histamine in physiological contexts as well as pathogenic processes. We also introduce a newly developed histaminergic cell-monitoring transgenic mouse line (Hdc-BAC-GFP) that serves as a valuable experimental tool to identify the source of histamine and dissect upstream regulatory signals.
Topics: Animals; Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Histamine; Histidine Decarboxylase; Histones; Methylation; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Myeloid Cells; Receptors, Histamine; Sepsis
PubMed: 32394600
DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12774 -
Nutrients Apr 2021Histamine intolerance is defined as a disequilibrium of accumulated histamine and the capacity for histamine degradation. This clinical term addresses a... (Review)
Review
Histamine intolerance is defined as a disequilibrium of accumulated histamine and the capacity for histamine degradation. This clinical term addresses a non-immunologically mediated pathology when histamine ingested with food is not particularly high, however its degradation is decreased. This paper aims to provide a narrative review on etiopathology, epidemiology, possible diagnostic algorithms and diagnostic challenges of histamine intolerance in children. The clinical picture of histamine intolerance in children is similar to that observed in adults apart from male predominance found in paediatric patients. Both in children and adults, a histamine-reduced diet is typically the treatment of choice. Diamine oxidase supplementation offers another treatment option. There is no symptom or test pathognomonic for histamine intolerance. Nevertheless, manifestations of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, measurements of diamine oxidase deficits, positive results of histamine provocation tests and improvement in symptoms with histamine-reduced diet considerably increase the probability of histamine intolerance diagnosis. These factors have been included in the proposed diagnostic algorithm for histamine intolerance. In children histamine intolerance most likely co-occurs with allergies and bowel diseases, which creates an additional diagnostic challenge. As the evidence for children is poor further research is needed the determine epidemiology, validate diagnostic algorithms and establish possible treatment options regarding histamine intolerance.
Topics: Child; Food Hypersensitivity; Histamine; Humans
PubMed: 33924863
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051486 -
Nutrients Apr 2024Histamine intolerance is a condition characterized by the accumulation of histamine to a point that exceeds the body's capacity to eliminate it. Researchers have... (Review)
Review
Histamine intolerance is a condition characterized by the accumulation of histamine to a point that exceeds the body's capacity to eliminate it. Researchers have attributed several reasons to this condition, such as genetic factors, alcohol, and dietary deficiencies, among other elements. Symptoms of histamine intolerance have been found to extend beyond the gastrointestinal tract and to the whole body, with these symptoms being sporadic and non-specific. This review will explore various aspects related to histamine intolerance, such as its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and information related to management.
Topics: Humans; Histamine; Food Intolerance; Food Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 38674909
DOI: 10.3390/nu16081219