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Viruses Dec 2022Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused... (Review)
Review
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is one of the most prevalent, deadly, and costly diseases in young cattle. BRD has been recognized as a multifactorial disease caused mainly by viruses (bovine herpesvirus, BVDV, parainfluenza-3 virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and bovine coronavirus) and bacteria (, , and ). However, other microorganisms have been recognized to cause BRD. Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel RNA pathogen belonging to the family , first discovered in 2011. It is distributed worldwide in cattle, the main reservoir. IDV has been demonstrated to play a role in BRD, with proven ability to cause respiratory disease, a high transmission rate, and potentiate the effects of other pathogens. The transmission mechanisms of this virus are by direct contact and by aerosol route over short distances. IDV causes lesions in the upper respiratory tract of calves and can also replicate in the lower respiratory tract and cause pneumonia. There is currently no commercial vaccine or specific treatment for IDV. It should be noted that IDV has zoonotic potential and could be a major public health concern if there is a drastic change in its pathogenicity to humans. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding IDV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Humans; Thogotovirus; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Bacteria; Viruses; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 36560721
DOI: 10.3390/v14122717 -
Microbiology Spectrum May 2018Members of the highly heterogeneous family cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial agents are the most powerful tools to control such... (Review)
Review
Members of the highly heterogeneous family cause a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. Antimicrobial agents are the most powerful tools to control such infections. However, the acquisition of resistance genes, as well as the development of resistance-mediating mutations, significantly reduces the efficacy of the antimicrobial agents. This article gives a brief description of the role of selected members of the family in animal infections and of the most recent data on the susceptibility status of such members. Moreover, a review of the current knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance to antimicrobial agents is included, with particular reference to resistance to tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides/aminocyclitols, folate pathway inhibitors, macrolides, lincosamides, phenicols, and quinolones. This article focusses on the genera of veterinary importance for which sufficient data on antimicrobial susceptibility and the detection of resistance genes are currently available (, , , , and ). Additionally, the role of plasmids, transposons, and integrative and conjugative elements in the spread of the resistance genes within and beyond the aforementioned genera is highlighted to provide insight into horizontal dissemination, coselection, and persistence of antimicrobial resistance genes. The article discusses the acquisition of diverse resistance genes by the selected members from other Gram-negative or maybe even Gram-positive bacteria. Although the susceptibility status of these members still looks rather favorable, monitoring of their antimicrobial susceptibility is required for early detection of changes in the susceptibility status and the newly acquired/developed resistance mechanisms.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 29916344
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0022-2017 -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Dec 2018
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Autopsy; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Lameness, Animal; Male; Meningoencephalitis; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections
PubMed: 30451627
DOI: 10.2460/javma.253.11.1417 -
Tropical Animal Health and Production Oct 2023Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under... (Review)
Review
Gallibacterium anatis (G. anatis), a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, normally inhabits the upper respiratory and lower genital tracts of poultry. However, under certain circumstances of immunosuppression, co-infection (especially with Escherichia coli or Mycoplasma), or various stressors, G. anatis caused respiratory, reproductive, and systemic diseases. Infection with G. anatis has emerged in different countries worldwide. The bacterium affects mainly chickens; however, other species of domestic and wild birds may get infected. Horizontal, vertical, and venereal routes of G. anatis infection have been reported. The pathogenicity of G. anatis is principally related to the presence of some essential virulence factors such as Gallibacterium toxin A, fimbriae, haemagglutinin, outer membrane vesicles, capsule, biofilms, and protease. The clinical picture of G. anatis infection is mainly represented as tracheitis, oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, while other lesions may be noted in cases of concomitant infection. Control of such infection depends mainly on applying biosecurity measures and vaccination. The antimicrobial sensitivity test is necessary for the correct treatment of G. anatis. However, the development of multiple drug resistance is common. This review article sheds light on G. anatis regarding history, susceptibility, dissemination, virulence factors, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, and control measures.
Topics: Female; Animals; Poultry; Chickens; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Pasteurellaceae; Virulence Factors; Escherichia coli; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 37889324
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03796-w -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2022This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in...
This study aimed to investigate the prevalence at both farm-level and calf-level and to identify the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens in dairy calves in Taiwan. The status of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) was evaluated by using the Wisconsin scoring system from a total of 400 pre-weaned calves from 32 different farms in Taiwan, then the nasopharyngeal swabs were collected. The prevalence of respiratory pathogens was 84.37% at farm-level and 45.50% at calf-level, and Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) was the most prevalent pathogen. The presence of Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis), P. multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica (M. haemolytica) and Histophilus somni (H. somni) were all higher in BRD positive calves than BRD negative calves, but only in H. somni was significant (P<0.001). Then nine farm management risk factors were analyzed by using multivariate logistic regression models to determine the risk factors of respiratory bacterial pathogens (farm and calf-level). In the result at farm-level, only unheated colostrum was significantly associated with pathogen positive farms (Odds Ratio (OR)=11.43). At calf-level, the predominant risk factor for each pathogen, M. bovis, P. multocida, M. haemolytica and H. somni, was late first colostrum feeding (OR=272.82), unheated colostrum (OR=3.41), waste milk feeding (OR=6.59) and high pneumonia treatment cost (OR=2.52), respectively. For effective preventive measures, farmer education on milk and colostrum feeding are urgently warranted.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Mannheimia haemolytica; Mycoplasma bovis; Pasteurella multocida; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Diseases; Taiwan
PubMed: 35675980
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0056 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Mar 2012Bovine respiratory disease complex is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. A number of vaccines against bacterial respiratory pathogens are... (Review)
Review
Evidence-based effectiveness of vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, and Histophilus somni in feedlot cattle for mitigating the incidence and effect of bovine respiratory disease complex.
Bovine respiratory disease complex is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. A number of vaccines against bacterial respiratory pathogens are commercially available and researchers have studied their impact on morbidity, mortality, and other disease outcome measures in feedlot cattle. A systematic review will provide veterinarians with a rigorous and transparent evaluation of the published literature to estimate the extent of vaccine effect. Unfortunately, the published body of evidence does not provide a consistent estimate of the direction and magnitude of effectiveness in feedlot cattle vaccination against Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, or Histophilus somni.
Topics: Animals; Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex; Cattle; Evidence-Based Medicine; Incidence; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella multocida; Pasteurellaceae; Vaccination
PubMed: 22374120
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2011.12.005 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 2013In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing... (Review)
Review
In a world where most emerging and reemerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in nature and our contacts with both domestic and wild animals abound, there is growing awareness of the potential for human acquisition of animal diseases. Like other Pasteurellaceae, Pasteurella species are highly prevalent among animal populations, where they are often found as part of the normal microbiota of the oral, nasopharyngeal, and upper respiratory tracts. Many Pasteurella species are opportunistic pathogens that can cause endemic disease and are associated increasingly with epizootic outbreaks. Zoonotic transmission to humans usually occurs through animal bites or contact with nasal secretions, with P. multocida being the most prevalent isolate observed in human infections. Here we review recent comparative genomics and molecular pathogenesis studies that have advanced our understanding of the multiple virulence mechanisms employed by Pasteurella species to establish acute and chronic infections. We also summarize efforts being explored to enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately identify and distinguish among clinical isolates and to control pasteurellosis by improved development of new vaccines and treatment regimens.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Pasteurella Infections; Pasteurella multocida; Virulence; Zoonoses
PubMed: 23824375
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00024-13 -
Genome Feb 2022Common bacterial causes of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) include , , and . Within , two major genotypes are commonly found in cattle (1 and 2); however, genotype 2...
Common bacterial causes of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) include , , and . Within , two major genotypes are commonly found in cattle (1 and 2); however, genotype 2 strains are isolated from diseased lungs much more frequently than genotype 1 strains. Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of , , and genotype 2 may be important factors for acquired host immunity. The predicted OMP differences between genotypes 1 and 2 have been previously identified. In this study, we expanded the focus to include bovine-isolated strain genomes representing all three species and the two genotypes. Reported here are the core genomes unique to each of them, core genomes shared between some or all combinations of the three species and two genotypes, and predicted OMPs within these core genomes. The OMPs identified in this study are potential candidates for further studies and the development of interventions against BRD.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Cattle; Genotype; Mannheimia haemolytica; Pasteurella multocida
PubMed: 34348051
DOI: 10.1139/gen-2021-0038 -
PloS One 2023Small RNAs (sRNA), in association with the global chaperone regulator Hfq, positively or negatively regulate gene expression in bacteria. For this study, Histophilus...
Small RNAs (sRNA), in association with the global chaperone regulator Hfq, positively or negatively regulate gene expression in bacteria. For this study, Histophilus somni sRNAs that bind to Hfq were identified and then partially characterized. The Hfq-associated sRNAs in H. somni were isolated and identified by co-immunoprecipitation using anti-Hfq antibody, followed by sRNA sequencing. Sequence analysis of the sRNA samples identified 100 putative sRNAs, out of which 16 were present in pathogenic strain 2336, but not in non-pathogenic strain 129Pt. Bioinformatic analyses suggested that the sRNAs HS9, HS79, and HS97 could bind to many genes putatively involved in virulence/biofilm formation. Furthermore, multi-sequence alignment of the sRNA regions in the genome revealed that HS9 and HS97 could interact with sigma 54, which is a transcription factor linked to important bacterial traits, including motility, virulence, and biofilm formation. Northern blotting was used to determine the approximate size, abundance and any processing events attributed to the sRNAs. Selected sRNA candidates were confirmed to bind Hfq, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays using sRNAs synthesized by in vitro transcription and recombinant Hfq. The exact transcriptional start site of the sRNA candidates was determined by RNA ligase-mediated rapid amplification of cDNA ends, followed by cloning and sequencing. This is the first investigation of H. somni sRNAs that show they may have important regulatory roles in virulence and biofilm formation.
Topics: Blotting, Northern; Cell Aggregation; Computational Biology; Pasteurellaceae; RNA, Small Untranslated
PubMed: 37220152
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286158 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2020is a Gram-negative bacterium of the family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis,... (Review)
Review
is a Gram-negative bacterium of the family that resides normally in the respiratory and reproductive tracts in poultry. It is a major cause of oophoritis, salpingitis, and peritonitis, decreases egg production and mortality in hens thereby severely affecting animal welfare and overall productivity by poultry industries across Europe, Asia, America, and Africa. In addition, it has the ability to infect wider host range including domesticated and free-ranging avian hosts as well as mammalian hosts such as cattle, pigs and human. Evaluating the common virulence factors including outer membrane vesicles, fimbriae, capsule, metalloproteases, biofilm formation, hemagglutinin, and determining novel factors such as the RTX-like toxin GtxA, elongation factor-Tu, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) has pathobiological, diagnostic, prophylactic, and therapeutic significance. Treating this bacterial pathogen with traditional antimicrobial drugs is discouraged owing to the emergence of widespread multidrug resistance, whereas the efficacy of preventing this disease by classical vaccines is limited due to its antigenic diversity. It will be necessary to acquire in-depth knowledge on important virulence factors, pathogenesis and, concerns of rising antibiotic resistance, improvised treatment regimes, and novel vaccine candidates to effectively tackle this pathogen. This review substantially describes the etio-epidemiological aspects of infection in poultry, and updates the recent development in understanding the pathogenesis, organism evolution and therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to counter infection for safeguarding the welfare and health of poultry.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Vaccines; Pasteurellaceae; Pasteurellaceae Infections; Poultry; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 31902298
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1712495