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Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS Jul 2013To review recent published literature around three areas: long-term nonprogression/viral control; predictors of viral load set point/disease progression; and the... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review recent published literature around three areas: long-term nonprogression/viral control; predictors of viral load set point/disease progression; and the potential impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in early HIV infection.
RECENT FINDINGS
The natural course of untreated HIV infection varies widely with some HIV-positive individuals able to maintain high CD4 cell counts and/or suppressed viral load in the absence of ART. Although similar, the underlying mechanistic processes leading to long-term nonprogression and viral control are likely to differ. Concerted ongoing research efforts will hopefully identify host factors that are causally related to these phenotypes, thus providing opportunities for the development of novel treatment or preventive strategies. Although there is increasing evidence that initiation of ART during primary infection may prevent the immunological deterioration which would otherwise be seen in untreated HIV infection, recent studies do not address the longer term clinical benefits of ART at this very early stage.
SUMMARY
A better understanding of the relative influences of viral, host, and environmental factors on the natural course of HIV infection has the potential to identify novel targets for intervention to prevent and treat HIV-infected persons.
Topics: Anti-Retroviral Agents; Disease Progression; HIV Infections; Humans
PubMed: 23698562
DOI: 10.1097/COH.0b013e328361fa66 -
Nature Reviews. Cardiology Dec 2019Antiretroviral therapy has largely transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease condition. As such, physicians and other providers caring for individuals living with... (Review)
Review
Antiretroviral therapy has largely transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease condition. As such, physicians and other providers caring for individuals living with HIV infection need to be aware of the potential cardiovascular complications of HIV infection and the nuances of how HIV infection increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including acute myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral artery disease, heart failure and sudden cardiac death, as well as how to select available therapies to reduce this risk. In this Review, we discuss the epidemiology and clinical features of cardiovascular disease, with a focus on coronary heart disease, in the setting of HIV infection, which includes a substantially increased risk of myocardial infarction even when the HIV infection is well controlled. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying HIV-associated atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, such as the high rates of traditional cardiovascular risk factors in patients with HIV infection and HIV-related factors, including the use of antiretroviral therapy and chronic inflammation in the setting of effectively treated HIV infection. Finally, we highlight available therapeutic strategies, as well as approaches under investigation, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and lower inflammation in patients with HIV infection.
Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Atherosclerosis; Coronary Disease; HIV Infections; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 31182833
DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0219-9 -
Ciencia & Saude Coletiva Apr 2019HIV infection, acquired with the conscious participation of the recipient, is a complex problem of international concern, especially among men who have sex with men.... (Review)
Review
HIV infection, acquired with the conscious participation of the recipient, is a complex problem of international concern, especially among men who have sex with men. Behaviors emerge such as bareback (intentionally unprotected anal sex between men) and bugchasing (bareback sex when one participant is HIV+ and the other is not). A group of emerging risk behaviors for HIV infection was characterized. A review of the literature in the MEDLINE, Web of Science and regional SciELO databases was performed. HIV-related search terms such as unprotected sex, barebacking/bareback and bug chasing, were used. Bareback and bug chaser behaviors occur, among other factors, through social homonegativity, ART positive coverage, insufficient prevention campaigns, search for new sensations and attempts to strengthen the relationship with the HIV+ member. Unprotected sex is primarily associated with having HIV/AIDS diagnoses, physical violence due to sexual orientation, viewing homosexual sex sites, and having bought or sold sex. It is necessary to work with individual behaviors that draw individuals close to infection.
Topics: HIV Infections; Homosexuality, Male; Humans; Male; Risk-Taking; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Unsafe Sex
PubMed: 31066843
DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232018244.02322017 -
Current Rheumatology Reports Aug 2020To review the spectrum of vasculitides in HIV-infected patients and to identify the clinical features that characterize vasculitis in sero-positive HIV. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To review the spectrum of vasculitides in HIV-infected patients and to identify the clinical features that characterize vasculitis in sero-positive HIV.
RECENT FINDINGS
Epidemiological studies conducted in the post-HAART era described the rarity of vasculitis in the setting of HIV-infected patients. A study identified histopathological features such as leukocytoclastic vasculitis of the vasa vasorum and adventitial inflammation in the large artery pathology of HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients with critical lower limb ischemia. A recent retrospective cohort study reported that HIV-positive patients with LVV developed more vascular complications, responded less to antiretroviral therapy, and had worse outcome than HIV-negative patients with LVV. Vasculitides continue to be a rare disease in patients with HIV. The spectrum of vasculitis ranges from life-threatening conditions to relatively mild skin conditions. Recognizing vasculitis in the setting of HIV-positive patients is important because sometimes it require immunosuppressive treatment.
Topics: HIV Infections; Humans; Polyarteritis Nodosa; Retrospective Studies; Vasculitis
PubMed: 32845496
DOI: 10.1007/s11926-020-00945-0 -
Nature Reviews. Genetics Oct 2021Over the past four decades, research on the natural history of HIV infection has described how HIV wreaks havoc on human immunity and causes AIDS. HIV host genomic... (Review)
Review
Over the past four decades, research on the natural history of HIV infection has described how HIV wreaks havoc on human immunity and causes AIDS. HIV host genomic research, which aims to understand how human genetic variation affects our response to HIV infection, has progressed from early candidate gene studies to recent multi-omic efforts, benefiting from spectacular advances in sequencing technology and data science. In addition to invading cells and co-opting the host machinery for replication, HIV also stably integrates into our own genome. The study of the complex interactions between the human and retroviral genomes has improved our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms and suggested novel preventive and therapeutic approaches against HIV infection.
Topics: Genetic Variation; Genome, Human; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans
PubMed: 34168330
DOI: 10.1038/s41576-021-00378-0 -
Clinical Medicine (London, England) Dec 2014The co-existence of diabetes mellitus and HIV infection poses significant challenges for both patient and physician. This article reviews the clinical problems, the... (Review)
Review
The co-existence of diabetes mellitus and HIV infection poses significant challenges for both patient and physician. This article reviews the clinical problems, the implications for treatment plans and potential confusions that can arise when managing patients who have both conditions.
Topics: Diabetes Complications; HIV Infections; Humans
PubMed: 25468855
DOI: 10.7861/clinmedicine.14-6-667 -
Current HIV/AIDS Reports Apr 2018This review will outline the multilevel effects of biological sex on HIV acquisition, pathogenesis, treatment response, and prospects for cure. Potential mechanisms will... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review will outline the multilevel effects of biological sex on HIV acquisition, pathogenesis, treatment response, and prospects for cure. Potential mechanisms will be discussed along with future research directions.
RECENT FINDINGS
HIV acquisition risk is modified by sex hormones and the vaginal microbiome, with the latter acting through both inflammation and local metabolism of pre-exposure prophylaxis drugs. Female sex associates with enhanced risk for non-AIDS morbidities including cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease, suggesting different inflammatory profiles in men and women. Data from research on HIV cure points to sex differences in viral reservoir dynamics and a direct role for sex hormones in latency maintenance. Biological sex remains an important variable in determining the risk of HIV infection and subsequent viral pathogenesis, and emerging data suggest sex differences relevant to curative interventions. Recruitment of women in HIV clinical research is a pathway to both optimize care for women and to identify novel therapeutics for use in both men and women.
Topics: Anti-HIV Agents; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Male; Sex Characteristics
PubMed: 29504062
DOI: 10.1007/s11904-018-0383-2 -
Acta Biochimica Polonica Jul 2022Heart failure (HF) is commonly seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We aimed to evaluate the potential correlations of HIV infection and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Heart failure (HF) is commonly seen in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We aimed to evaluate the potential correlations of HIV infection and risk of HF, to provide evidence to the management of HIV and HF.
METHODS
We searched PubMed and other databases to identify prospective cohort studies on the risk of HIV infection and heart failure, we used Stata 13 software for Meta-analysis, and we calculated the hazard ratio (HR) values and 95% confidence interval (CI) values for the risks of HF in patients with and without HIV infections.
RESULTS
A total of five studies were included, with 8457 cases in the HIV-infection and 21917 cases in the non-HIV-infection group. Meta-analysis results showed that HIV infection can increase the risk of HF by 48% (HR=1.48, 95% CI1.31~1.67). Subgroups analyses by HIV-1 RNA viral load, CD4+ cell count, and study population also favored the overall results, and the research heterogeneity mainly come from the group of veterans in the research population.
CONCLUSIONS
HIV infection is one of the risk factors for HF, which can increase the risk of heart failure, early preventions and interventions are needed for those populations.
Topics: CD4 Lymphocyte Count; HIV Infections; Heart Failure; Humans; Prospective Studies; RNA; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35810484
DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5718 -
AIDS (London, England) Mar 2021People living with HIV are at higher risk for acute and chronic kidney disease compared with uninfected individuals. Kidney disease in this population is multifactorial,... (Review)
Review
People living with HIV are at higher risk for acute and chronic kidney disease compared with uninfected individuals. Kidney disease in this population is multifactorial, with several contributors including HIV infection of kidney cells, chronic inflammation, genetic predisposition, aging, comorbidities, and coinfections. In this review, we provide a summary of recent advancements in the understanding of the mechanisms and implications of HIV infection and kidney disease, with particular focus on the role of direct HIV infection of renal cells.
Topics: Comorbidity; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Kidney; Kidney Diseases
PubMed: 33229896
DOI: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002753 -
International Journal of Infectious... Mar 2020Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as a class of RNA molecules with a length of more than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein, and are known to... (Review)
Review
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are defined as a class of RNA molecules with a length of more than 200 nucleotides that are not translated into protein, and are known to participate in a variety of biological processes. They have recently been implicated as having roles in viral infections, and several research groups have identified that complex interactions exist between lncRNAs and the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. lncRNAs derived from both the human host and HIV itself are emerging as key regulators of various cellular functions, playing crucial roles in virus-host interactions and viral pathogenesis. This review provides a brief discussion of the roles and associated mechanisms of lncRNAs in HIV infection. Moreover, due to the continued lack of effective HIV vaccines or treatments, we provide an insight into the complex interplay between lncRNAs and HIV and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies for HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The available data on lncRNAs that have been associated with HIV infection and their potential applications for the treatment of HIV are summarized for the first time, providing a new perspective for the future development of therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Disease Progression; HIV Infections; Humans; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 31945493
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.006