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Current Opinion in Immunology Oct 2010It is well recognized that allospecific T cell activation is required for rejection. However, the process of allospecific T cell activation is largely controllable with...
It is well recognized that allospecific T cell activation is required for rejection. However, the process of allospecific T cell activation is largely controllable with current agents. Accordingly, short-term outcomes in allotransplantation have uniformly improved, a testament to the importance of the T cell-centric view of current therapy; thus, the field’s attention has turned toward lagging long-term outcomes. The inexorable chronic graft destruction that continues to define clinical transplantation suggests that there are important aspects of alloimmunity that are un-mollified by simple T cell-directed immunosuppression. Indeed, in the past decade it has become clear that the full biological phenomenon collectively recognized as rejection incorporates an almost Gordian network of factors, both inflammatory and regulatory, that shape the phenotype of allorecognition. T cell responses, including the T cell dependent allograft response, are contextually determined by the state of innate immunity in which T cells interact with antigen. Organs utilized for transplantation are usually obtained from deceased donors by a surgical procedure and then placed into cold preservation solutions before surgery implantation into the recipient. Brain death, ischemia reperfusion, hypoxia and hemostasis related injuries dramatically influence the state of innate immunity within the transplant. Overall, each of these processes activates innate immunity into a pro-inflammatory mode that is known to promote tissue destructive forms of adaptive immunity. These pathways and cell types have been left largely untargeted, or at least under recognized, and it is these finer points of rejection that serve as the focus of this issue of Current Opinion in Immunology…
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunogenetics; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 20933376
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.09.003 -
Biology of Blood and Marrow... Aug 2020
Topics: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Transplantation, Homologous; United States
PubMed: 32417492
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.04.017 -
Cold Spring Harbor Protocols Feb 2019In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold (née Pröscholdt) published their famous work describing the transplantation of dorsal blastopore lip of one newt gastrula...
In 1924, Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold (née Pröscholdt) published their famous work describing the transplantation of dorsal blastopore lip of one newt gastrula embryo onto the ventral side of a host embryo at the same stage. They performed these grafts using two newt species with different pigmentation ( and ) to follow the fate of the grafted tissue. These experiments resulted in the development of conjoined twins attached through their belly. Because of the difference in embryo pigmentation between the two species, they determined that the bulk of the secondary embryo arose from the host embryo while the grafted tissue per se gave increase to the notochord and a few somitic cells. This meant that the dorsal blastopore lip was able to organize an almost complete embryo out of ventral tissue. The dorsal blastopore lip is now called the Spemann-Mangold organizer. Here, we describe a simple yet efficient protocol to perform these grafts using the anuran
Topics: Animals; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Gastrula; Organizers, Embryonic; Transplantation, Homologous; Xenopus
PubMed: 29321278
DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot097345 -
Cold Spring Harbor Protocols Feb 2019Einsteck procedure refers to a method whereby the experimenter inserts material into the blastocoel cavity of an early amphibian embryo. This procedure is simpler to...
Einsteck procedure refers to a method whereby the experimenter inserts material into the blastocoel cavity of an early amphibian embryo. This procedure is simpler to perform than other types of grafts, such as Spemann-Mangold, and with practice yields a sizable amount of data suitable for statistical analysis. This protocol for Einsteck transplantation in describes the insertion of the gastrula-stage blastopore lip into the blastocoel cavity of a host embryo.
Topics: Animals; Fetal Tissue Transplantation; Gastrula; Transplantation, Homologous; Xenopus
PubMed: 29321288
DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot097352 -
APMIS : Acta Pathologica,... Dec 2022Mucosal microbiotas and their role in stem cell transplantation. Patients with hematological disorders such as leukemia often undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell... (Review)
Review
Mucosal microbiotas and their role in stem cell transplantation. Patients with hematological disorders such as leukemia often undergo allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and thereby receive stem cells from a donor for curation of disease. This procedure also involves immunosuppressive and antimicrobial treatments that disturb the important interactions between the microbiota and the immune system, especially at mucosal sites. After transplantation, bacterial diversity decreases together with a depletion of Clostridia, and shifts toward predominance of Proteobacteria. Infectious and inflammatory complications, such as graft-versus-host disease, also interfere with patient recovery. This review collects and contextualizes current knowledge of the role of mucosal microbiotas at different body sites in stem cell transplantation, proposes underlying mechanisms, and discusses potential clinical value of bacterial markers for improved treatment strategies.
Topics: Humans; Transplantation, Homologous; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Graft vs Host Disease; Microbiota; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 35060190
DOI: 10.1111/apm.13208 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Mar 2014Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a novel therapeutic option for treatment of patients suffering from limb loss or severe facial disfigurement. To... (Review)
Review
Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a novel therapeutic option for treatment of patients suffering from limb loss or severe facial disfigurement. To date, 72 hand and 19 facial transplantations have been performed worldwide. VCA in hand and facial transplantation is a complex procedure requiring a multidisciplinary team approach and extensive surgical planning. Despite good functional outcome, courses after hand and facial transplantation have been complicated by skin rejection. Long-term immunosuppression remains a necessity in VCA for allograft survival. To widen the scope of these quality-of-life-improving procedures, minimization of immunosuppression to limit risks and side effects is needed.
Topics: Composite Tissue Allografts; Facial Transplantation; Graft Rejection; Hand Transplantation; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Motor Neurons; Patient Satisfaction; Transplantation Immunology; Transplantation, Homologous; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 24478387
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015651 -
Clinical Immunology (Orlando, Fla.) May 2010Thymus transplantation is a promising investigational therapy for infants born with no thymus. Because of the athymia, these infants lack T cell development and have a... (Review)
Review
Thymus transplantation is a promising investigational therapy for infants born with no thymus. Because of the athymia, these infants lack T cell development and have a severe primary immunodeficiency. Although thymic hypoplasia or aplasia is characteristic of DiGeorge anomaly, in "complete" DiGeorge anomaly, there is no detectable thymus as determined by the absence of naive (CD45RA(+), CD62L(+)) T cells. Transplantation of postnatal allogeneic cultured thymus tissue was performed in sixty subjects with complete DiGeorge anomaly who were under the age of 2 years. Recipient survival was over 70%. Naive T cells developed 3-5 months after transplantation. The graft recipients were able to discontinue antibiotic prophylaxis, and immunoglobulin replacement. Immunosuppression was used in a subset of subjects but was discontinued when naive T cells developed. The adverse events have been acceptable with thyroid disease being the most common. Research continues on mechanisms underlying immune reconstitution after thymus transplantation.
Topics: Cell Count; DiGeorge Syndrome; Humans; Infant; T-Lymphocytes; Thymus Gland; Transplantation, Homologous; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 20236866
DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.02.007 -
Soins; La Revue de Reference Infirmiere Oct 2019
Topics: Allografts; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 31783939
DOI: 10.1016/j.soin.2019.09.004 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2021Cornea is one of the most commonly transplanted tissues worldwide. However, it is usually omitted in the field of transplantology. Transplantation of the cornea is... (Review)
Review
Cornea is one of the most commonly transplanted tissues worldwide. However, it is usually omitted in the field of transplantology. Transplantation of the cornea is performed to treat many ocular diseases. It restores eyesight significantly improving the quality of life. Advancements in banking of explanted corneas and progressive surgical techniques increased availability and outcomes of transplantation. Despite the vast growth in the field of transplantation laboratory testing, standards for corneal transplantation still do not include HLA typing or alloantibody detection. This standard practice is based on immune privilege dogma that accounts for high success rates of corneal transplantation. However, the increasing need for retransplantation in high-risk patients with markedly higher risk of rejection causes ophthalmology transplantation centers to reevaluate their standard algorithms. In this review we discuss immune privilege mechanisms influencing the allograft acceptance and factors disrupting the natural immunosuppressive environment of the eye. Current developments in testing and immunosuppressive treatments (including cell therapies), when applied in corneal transplantation, may give very good results, decrease the possibility of rejection, and reduce the need for retransplantation, which is fairly frequent nowadays.
Topics: Allografts; Animals; Cornea; Corneal Transplantation; Disease Models, Animal; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Histocompatibility Testing; Humans; Immune Privilege; Immunosuppression Therapy; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Transplantation, Homologous
PubMed: 34642632
DOI: 10.1155/2021/5372090 -
Transplant International : Official... Jun 2016Vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) are a growing field within the area of transplantation. In 2014, the birth of a healthy baby after a successful uterus... (Review)
Review
Vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) are a growing field within the area of transplantation. In 2014, the birth of a healthy baby after a successful uterus transplant from a living donor was reported in Sweden. VCAs are not specifically mentioned in any of the transplant acts of the Eurotransplant (ET) member states, which all belong to the European Union (EU). The Competent Authorities (CA) of the EU decided in 2012 that VCAs are to be regarded as organs. At the moment, there are no general guidelines in the ET area concerning wait list registration, allocation, procurement and transplantation, and also no regulations concerning reimbursement. To further develop this aspect, common policies and guidelines within the ET member states have to be developed.
Topics: Composite Tissue Allografts; Europe; Female; Graft Rejection; Graft Survival; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Skin Transplantation; Tissue and Organ Procurement; Transplantation Chimera; Transplantation, Homologous; Uterus; Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
PubMed: 26824440
DOI: 10.1111/tri.12753