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Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Aug 2015Akabane virus is a Culicoides-borne orthobunyavirus that is teratogenic to the fetus of cattle and small ruminant species. Depending upon the stage of gestation atwhich...
Akabane virus is a Culicoides-borne orthobunyavirus that is teratogenic to the fetus of cattle and small ruminant species. Depending upon the stage of gestation atwhich infection occurs, and the length of gestation of the mammalian host, a range of congenital defects may be observed. The developing central nervous system is usually the most severely affected, with hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis most frequently observed. Less commonly, some strains of Akabane virus can cause encephalitis in the neonate or, rarely, adult cattle. Akabane viruses are known to be widespread in temperate and tropical regions of Australia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East and some African countries. Disease is infrequently observed in regions where this virus is endemic and the presence of the virus remains unrecognised in the absence of serological surveillance. In some Asian countries, vaccines are used to minimise the occurrence of disease.
Topics: Animals; Bunyaviridae Infections; Orthobunyavirus
PubMed: 26601444
DOI: 10.20506/rst.34.2.2366 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jun 1956
Topics: Humans; Hydranencephaly; Hydrocephalus; Medical Records
PubMed: 13328157
DOI: 10.1136/adc.31.157.195 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Sep 2015Diagnosing the cause of bovine congenital malformations (BCMs) is challenging for bovine veterinary practitioners and laboratory diagnosticians as many known as well as... (Review)
Review
Diagnosing the cause of bovine congenital malformations (BCMs) is challenging for bovine veterinary practitioners and laboratory diagnosticians as many known as well as a large number of not-yet reported syndromes exist. Foetal infection with certain viruses, including bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV), blue tongue virus (BTV), Akabane virus (AKAV), or Aino virus (AV), is associated with a range of congenital malformations. It is tempting for veterinary practitioners to diagnose such infections based only on the morphology of the defective offspring. However, diagnosing a virus as a cause of BCMs usually requires laboratory examination and even in such cases, interpretation of findings may be challenging due to lack of experience regarding genetic defects causing similar lesions, even in cases where virus or congenital antibodies are present. Intrauterine infection of the foetus during the susceptible periods of development, i.e. around gestation days 60-180, by BVDV, SBV, BTV, AKAV and AV may cause malformations in the central nervous system, especially in the brain. Brain lesions typically consist of hydranencephaly, porencephaly, hydrocephalus and cerebellar hypoplasia, which in case of SBV, AKAV and AV infections may be associated by malformation of the axial and appendicular skeleton, e.g. arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Doming of the calvarium is present in some, but not all, cases. None of these lesions are pathognomonic so diagnosing a viral cause based on gross lesions is uncertain. Several genetic defects share morphology with virus induced congenital malformations, so expert advice should be sought when BCMs are encountered.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 26399846
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0145-8 -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Jan 2013Hemi-hydranencephaly is a very rare condition characterized by complete or almost near-complete unilateral absence of the cortical cortex, which is filled by a sac of... (Review)
Review
Hemi-hydranencephaly is a very rare condition characterized by complete or almost near-complete unilateral absence of the cortical cortex, which is filled by a sac of cerebrospinal fluid. Prenatal vascular disruption with occlusion of the carotid artery territories ipsilateral to the damaged brain is the presumed pathogenesis.We have selected nine cases that fit the clinical and pathologic characteristics of hemi-hydranencephaly, demonstrating that destruction of one hemisphere may be not always associated with severe neurologic impairment and may allow an almost normal life. This disorder is an example of a possible prenatal re-organization in which the right and left cerebral hemispheres present functional potentiality to make up the damaged brain.The cases reported in the literature are discussed, including a patient previously reported and followed-up for 10 years. A review of the cases is performed with an evaluation of the most important aspect of this rare and mysterious disorder.
Topics: Brain; Carotid Arteries; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hydranencephaly; Language Development Disorders; Neuroimaging; Neuropsychological Tests; Neurosurgical Procedures; Paresis; Risk Factors; Sex Distribution; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 23324549
DOI: 10.1186/1824-7288-39-3 -
Italian Journal of Pediatrics Oct 2014The authors report a wide and updated revision of hydranencephaly, including a literature review, and present the case of a patient affected by this condition, still... (Review)
Review
The authors report a wide and updated revision of hydranencephaly, including a literature review, and present the case of a patient affected by this condition, still alive at 36 months.Hydranencephaly is an isolated and with a severe prognosis abnormality, affecting the cerebral mantle. In this condition, the cerebral hemispheres are completely or almost completely absent and are replaced by a membranous sac filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Midbrain is usually not involved. Hydranencephaly is a relatively rare cerebral disorder. Differential diagnosis is mainly relevant when considering severe hydrocephalus, poroencephalic cyst and alobar holoprosencephaly. Ethical questions related to the correct criteria for the surgical treatment are also discussed.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Hydranencephaly; Hydrocephalus; Porencephaly
PubMed: 25326191
DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0079-1 -
Irish Veterinary Journal 2019In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the... (Review)
Review
In Autumn 2011, nonspecific clinical signs of pyrexia, diarrhoea, and drop in milk yield were observed in dairy cattle near the German town of Schmallenberg at the Dutch/German border. Targeted veterinary diagnostic investigations for classical endemic and emerging viruses could not identify a causal agent. Blood samples were collected from animals with clinical signs and subjected to metagenomic analysis; a novel orthobunyavirus was identified and named Schmallenberg virus (SBV). In late 2011/early 2012, an epidemic of abortions and congenital malformations in calves, lambs and goat kids, characterised by arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly were reported in continental Europe. Subsequently, SBV RNA was confirmed in both aborted and congenitally malformed foetuses and also in species biting midges. It soon became evident that SBV was an arthropod-borne teratogenic virus affecting domestic ruminants. SBV rapidly achieved a pan-European distribution with most countries confirming SBV infection within a year or two of the initial emergence. The first Irish case of SBV was confirmed in the south of the country in late 2012 in a bovine foetus. Since SBV was first identified in 2011, a considerable body of scientific research has been conducted internationally describing this novel emerging virus. The aim of this systematic review is to provide a comprehensive synopsis of the most up-to-date scientific literature regarding the origin of SBV and the spread of the Schmallenberg epidemic, in addition to describing the species affected, clinical signs, pathogenesis, transmission, risk factors, impact, diagnostics, surveillance methods and control measures. This review also highlights current knowledge gaps in the scientific literature regarding SBV, most notably the requirement for further research to determine if, and to what extent, SBV circulation occurred in Europe and internationally during 2017 and 2018. Moreover, recommendations are also made regarding future arbovirus surveillance in Europe, specifically the establishment of a European-wide sentinel herd surveillance program, which incorporates bovine serology and entomology and virology studies, at national and international level to monitor for the emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses such as SBV, bluetongue virus and other novel -borne arboviruses.
PubMed: 31624588
DOI: 10.1186/s13620-019-0147-3 -
Archives of Disease in Childhood Jun 1958
Topics: Brain; Brain Diseases; Child; Developmental Disabilities; Humans; Hydranencephaly; Hydrocephalus
PubMed: 13545875
DOI: 10.1136/adc.33.169.235 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2021Teratogenic viral infections may proceed to hydranencephaly in cattle. Post-mortem and antemortem diagnosis can be achieved by necropsy or ultrasonography, CT-scan and...
BACKGROUND
Teratogenic viral infections may proceed to hydranencephaly in cattle. Post-mortem and antemortem diagnosis can be achieved by necropsy or ultrasonography, CT-scan and MRI techniques.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study was to determine how effective ultrasonography approach is in detecting hydranencephaly in calves.
METHODS
In this study, ultrasonography images were obtained from brains of nine Holstein claves, of the same age, with neurological signs (due to Akabane virus infection), approaching from the caudal part of the temporal bone. To confirm the obtained images, the same approach was used to obtain images from a normal calf of the same age. The thickness of the temporal bone was measured and compared in seven affected and the healthy calves, using CT-scan images.
RESULTS
In ultrasonographic images, temporal bone (as a hyperechoic structure) and temporal cortical mantle (as an echogenic structure) were noted in the right and left side of the skull. The medial part of the image showed presence of fluid in an anechoic region, instead of brain parenchyma. Falx cerebri was also seen as a floating hyperechoic line in the middle part in all patients. There was no statistically significant difference between the thickness of temporal bone in normal and affected calves (p = 0.502). All findings were confirmed by necropsy.
CONCLUSIONS
Transtemporal approach is a novel and easy approach to study the brain in calves. This is the first study on the hydranencephalic brains of claves, using ultrasonography by transtemporal approach.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Bunyaviridae Infections; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Hydranencephaly; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 34146385
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.557 -
Obstetric Medicine Jun 2017A nulliparous woman presented at 21 weeks' gestation with a 72-h history of a rash on her left arm. Initially isolated to the forearm, it had quickly spread, becoming... (Review)
Review
A nulliparous woman presented at 21 weeks' gestation with a 72-h history of a rash on her left arm. Initially isolated to the forearm, it had quickly spread, becoming multiple itchy fluid-filled blisters. Blood tests showed mild neutrophilia and raised CRP. Skin swabs demonstrated the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) DNA. There was no history of previous HSV1 exposure. There is scant literature on uncomplicated cutaneous HSV1 since the majority is oral/genital. The incidence of transmission varies and is dependent on site of infection and immunological status. Type-specific serological testing is recommended to identify a primary first episode infection due to the 30-60% vertical transmission rate. Infection is associated with morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus including maternal encephalitis, acute retinal necrosis, pneumonia and hepatitis. Neonatal disease can be congenital (cutaneous lesions, microcephaly, hydranencephaly, intracranial calcifications, chorioretinitis, microphthalmia and optic nerve atrophy) or acquired (skin, eyes and mouth disease or central nervous system disease or disseminated disease). Prophylactic aciclovir reduces the number of women with active genital lesions at the time of delivery. If primary infection occurs outside of the first trimester and active genital lesions are present, then vaginal delivery should be avoided. If infection has occurred in the first trimester, vaginal birth can be attempted even in the presence of active lesions. There is no available guidance on prophylactic treatment of non-genital HSV1 in pregnancy.
PubMed: 28680463
DOI: 10.1177/1753495X16689434