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IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of... 1992
Topics: Animals; Carcinogens; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Industry; Neoplasms; Occupational Diseases; Occupational Exposure
PubMed: 1345373
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Biological... Dec 2022Nanocelluloses are the subject of much interest on the account of their mechanical properties, high surface area, porosity, etc. Typically, sulfuric acid is used to...
Nanocelluloses are the subject of much interest on the account of their mechanical properties, high surface area, porosity, etc. Typically, sulfuric acid is used to produce cellulose nanocrystals with high aspect ratio and dispersibility in water suspensions. However, hydrolysis in sulfuric acid leads to cellulose esterification, which has some drawbacks such as lower thermal stability of nanocellulose. Hydrochloric acid does not cause functionalization of the nanocellulose surface, yet yields in poor colloidal stability in aqueous solutions due to the lack of ionic interactions between CNC/CNF and water molecules. Therefore, it should be possible to tune the colloidal stability of nanocellulose aqueous suspensions by modifying the properties of the solution (such as pH and/or the presence of surfactants). In this work, we attempted to obtain stable aqueous CNF suspensions via hydrochloric acid hydrolysis. Hydrolysis was performed at three time intervals, at 60 °C temperature and 6 mol/dm of hydrochloric acid. To find the optimum stabilizing conditions, the effect of different pH values and various surfactants on CNF stability was explored. The best stabilizing effect was observed at pH range 5-9 and in nonionic surfactant. The obtained products were characterized by using spectroscopic (FTIR), microscopic (AFM), thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction techniques.
Topics: Hydrolysis; Hydrochloric Acid; Surface-Active Agents; Cellulose; Suspensions; Water; Excipients; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 36208805
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.289 -
PloS One 2023Shiso (Perilla frutescens var crispa f. purprea) is a traditional medicinal herb that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms. In...
Shiso (Perilla frutescens var crispa f. purprea) is a traditional medicinal herb that exerts anti-inflammatory effects and alleviates lower urinary tract symptoms. In this study, we examined the effects of rosmarinic acid, a major polyphenol in shiso, on urinary function and the bladder in a rat hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis model. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intravesically with hydrochloric acid or saline solution (control) to induce cystitis. Afterwards, the rats were administered orally with distilled water or rosmarinic acid for three days and then the intravesical pressure was measured, a stretch stimulation test was performed using the harvested bladder, and histological and biochemical analyses were performed. In addition, we investigated the effects of rosmarinic acid on the expression of inflammation-related molecules in normal human bladder epithelial cells. Rosmarinic acid ameliorated hydrochloric acid-induced shortening of micturition interval by 49%. In hydrochloric acid-treated bladders, significantly more prostaglandin E2 was released after stretching; however, rosmarinic acid suppressed its release to control levels. Rosmarinic acid also reduced hydrochloric acid-induced epithelial thickening and the levels of inflammatory molecules in the bladder. Furthermore, rosmarinic acid suppressed interleukin 1β-induced increases in Cox2 and Il6 expression in bladder epithelial cells. These findings indicate that rosmarinic acid can ameliorate hydrochloric acid-induced cystitis in rats and that these effects are due, at least in part, to its anti-inflammatory effects on the bladder and inhibition of stretch-induced prostaglandin E2 release.
Topics: Humans; Rats; Animals; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Hydrochloric Acid; Dinoprostone; Cystitis; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Rosmarinic Acid
PubMed: 37463180
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288813 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021Exposure to hydrochloric acid (HCl) represents a threat to public health. Children may inhale higher doses and develop greater injury because of their smaller airways...
Exposure to hydrochloric acid (HCl) represents a threat to public health. Children may inhale higher doses and develop greater injury because of their smaller airways and faster respiratory rate. We have developed a mouse model of pediatric exposure to HCl by intratracheally instilling p24 mice (mice 24 days old; 8-10 g) with 2 µL/g 0.1 N HCl, and compared the profile of lung injury to that in HCl-instilled adults (10 weeks old; 25-30 g) and their age-matched saline controls. After 30 days, alveolar inflammation was observed with increased proteinosis and mononuclear cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in both HCl-instilled groups. Young p24 animals-but not adults-exhibited higher NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome levels. Increased amounts of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) mRNA and its intracellular canonical and non-canonical pathways (p-Smad2 and p-ERK) were found in the lungs of both young and adult HCl-instilled mice. Constitutive age-related differences were observed in the levels of heat shock protein family (HSP70 and HSP90). HCl equally provoked the deposition of collagen and fibronectin; however, significant age-dependent differences were observed in the increase in elastin and tenascin C mRNA. HCl induced pulmonary fibrosis with an increased Ashcroft score, which was higher in adults, and a reduction in alveolar Mean Alveolar Linear Intercept (MALI). Young mice developed increased Newtonian resistance (Rn) and lower PV loops, while adults showed a higher respiratory system resistance and elastance. This data indicate that young p24 mice can suffer long-term complications from a single exposure to HCl, and can develop chronic lung injury characterized by a stronger persistent inflammation and lesser fibrotic pattern, mostly in the airways, differently from adults. Further data are required to characterize HCl time- and dose-dependent injury in young animals and to identify new key-molecular targets.
Topics: Acute Lung Injury; Aging; Animals; Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; Hydrochloric Acid; Inflammation; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Pulmonary Fibrosis
PubMed: 34445540
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168833 -
Communications Biology Aug 2021Protein-based targeting reagents, such as antibodies and non-antibody scaffold proteins, are rapidly inactivated in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hydrochloric...
Protein-based targeting reagents, such as antibodies and non-antibody scaffold proteins, are rapidly inactivated in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hydrochloric acid in gastric juice denatures proteins and activates pepsin, concentrations of which reach 1 mg/mL in the mammalian stomach. Two stable scaffold proteins (nanobody and nanofitin), previously developed to be protease-resistant, were completely digested in less than 10 min at 100-fold lower concentration of pepsin than found in the stomach. Here we present gastrobodies, a protein scaffold derived from Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI). SBTI is highly resistant to the challenges of the upper GI tract, including digestive proteases, pH 2 and bile acids. Computational prediction of SBTI's evolvability identified two nearby loops for randomization, to create a potential recognition surface which was experimentally validated by alanine scanning. We established display of SBTI on full-length pIII of M13 phage. Phage selection of gastrobody libraries against the glucosyltransferase domain of Clostridium difficile toxin B (GTD) identified hits with nanomolar affinity and enzyme inhibitory activity. Anti-GTD binders retained high stability to acid, digestive proteases and heat. Gastrobodies show resilience to exceptionally harsh conditions, which should provide a foundation for targeting and modulating function within the GI tract.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Biomimetic Materials; Chickens; Clostridioides difficile; Female; Hydrochloric Acid; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Pepsin A; Trypsin Inhibitor, Kunitz Soybean
PubMed: 34381153
DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02487-2 -
PeerJ 2022In this study, we compared the elemental and isotopic composition of modern and ancient bone samples pre-treated using different demineralization agents with acidic and...
In this study, we compared the elemental and isotopic composition of modern and ancient bone samples pre-treated using different demineralization agents with acidic and neutral pH. The purpose of our research was to examine if demineralization using a mineral acid such as hydrochloric acid (HCl) significantly alters the N and C values of bone collagen. Evidence from the elemental and amino acid composition of the samples were incorporated alongside isotopic compositions to provide a holistic view of the effect of demineralization agents on the composition of bone collagen. The stable isotope compositions of collagen extracts were also compared against equivalent whole bone samples to assess whether whole bone has a stable isotope composition that is comparable to collagen demineralized with a neutral agent. Our results demonstrate that bone demineralization using either ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or HCl yields collagen extracts with stable isotope compositions that are not significantly different, indicating that mineral acid does not alter N and C values of bone collagen. The results comparing whole bone and extracted collagen stable isotope compositions indicate that whole bone cannot be used as an effective replacement for bone collagen due to the significantly different stable isotope compositions between these sample materials. In ecological and archaeological studies performing stable isotope analysis on bone, sample pre-treatment to isolate collagen is a necessity to obtain the most reliable and reproducible isotopic measurements.
Topics: Carbon Isotopes; Nitrogen Isotopes; Bone and Bones; Collagen; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
PubMed: 35722259
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13593 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2017Caustic poisonings are still associated with many fatalities. Studies focusing on the elderly are rare. The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical... (Review)
Review
Caustic poisonings are still associated with many fatalities. Studies focusing on the elderly are rare. The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical outcomes of caustic ingestion injury in elderly and non-elderly adults with regard to gender, intent of exposure, substance ingested, severity of mucosal injury, complications, and mortality. Caustic substance exposures reported to the National Toxicological Information Centre in Slovakia during 1998-2015 were reviewed retrospectively. The patients were divided into two groups: the non-elderly (<60 years) and elderly adults (≥60 years). The mortality rate in the elderly was significantly higher (elderly 23.0% vs. non-elderly 11.3%; = 0.041). The risk of fatal outcome in the elderly was increased by acid ingestion (OR = 7.822; = 0.002), particularly hydrochloric acid (OR = 5.714, = 0.006). The incidence of respiratory complications was almost two times higher in the elderly was 31.1% vs. 17.4% for the non-elderly ( = 0.037). Respiratory complications significantly correlated with an increased mortality rate ( = 0.001) in the elderly whereas there was no association between GI complications and mortality in the elderly ( = 0.480). Elderly patients with respiratory complications had the poorest clinical outcomes. The highest risk of complications and fatalities was observed in patients after hydrochloric acid ingestion.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Burns, Chemical; Caustics; Female; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Male; Middle Aged; Mortality; Mucous Membrane; Retrospective Studies; Young Adult
PubMed: 29036912
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101726 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2020From the available statistical data, cement factories co-process a range of over 100 types of waste (sorted both industrial and household) being authorized for their use...
From the available statistical data, cement factories co-process a range of over 100 types of waste (sorted both industrial and household) being authorized for their use as combustion components in clinker ovens. Therefore, the level of emissions is different depending on the type of fuels and waste used. The amount of industrial and municipal co-processed waste in the Romanian cement industry from 2004 to 2013 was about 1,500,000 tons, the equivalent of municipal waste generated in a year for 18 cities with over 250,000 inhabitants. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the emission level of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hydrofluoric acid (HF) at the clinker kilns at two cement factories in Romania for different annual time intervals and to do a comparative analysis, to estimate their compliance with legislation in force. The measurements results showed average emission levels of about 0.578 mg/Nm for HCl and about 0.100 mg/Nm for HF, in the first hours of the evening, but decreased at the beginning of the third tour, at about 0.385 mg/Nm for HCl, respectively, to about 0.085 mg/Nm for HF. The evolution of HCl and HF emission levels during the last 4 years showed a variable distribution of these acids.
Topics: Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Construction Materials; Environmental Monitoring; Hydrochloric Acid; Hydrofluoric Acid; Incineration; Romania
PubMed: 32041114
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031019 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2022Background and Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of simulated gastric acid associated with toothbrushing on the surface condition of...
Background and Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of simulated gastric acid associated with toothbrushing on the surface condition of three resin-modified glass-ionomer cements (RMGIC). Materials and Methods: One hundred and sixty samples of each material were obtained and included in three study groups according to the tested material: Group I (Ionolux, VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany); Group II (Vitremer, 3 M-ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA); and Group III (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). The samples were submersed in hydrochloric acid 0.01 M (pH 3.8) for 3 h and exposed to a toothbrushing procedure at a frequency of 10,000 cycles with medium and hard bristles immediately or 30 min after the acid attack. Profilometric measurements were performed by using a non-contact profilometer (Dektak XT, Bruker, Billerica, MA, USA) in order to assess the surface roughness. ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests were used for the statistical analysis at a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Exposure of RMGICs to the erosive effect of hydrochloric acid in association with toothbrushing 30 min after the chemical attack increased the surface roughness of all three RMGICs. Exposure of the three tested materials exclusively to the action of hydrochloric acid did not affect the surface roughness. Conclusions: One year of hydrochloric acid challenge associated with one year of toothbrushing with medium-hardness bristles performed 30 min after the acid attack increase the surface roughness of two of the three types of RMGIC tested (Ionolux and Fuji II LC).
Topics: Gastric Acid; Glass Ionomer Cements; Humans; Hydrochloric Acid; Materials Testing; Surface Properties; Toothbrushing
PubMed: 36143826
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091149 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2023In this research, we present a prototype optical system that offers significant advances in detecting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonia (NH3) vapors. The system...
In this research, we present a prototype optical system that offers significant advances in detecting hydrochloric acid (HCl) and ammonia (NH3) vapors. The system utilizes a natural pigment sensor based on that is securely attached to a glass surface support. Through extensive development and testing with HCl (37% aqueous solution) and NH (29% aqueous solution) solutions, we have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of our sensor. To facilitate the detection process, we have developed an injection system that exposes pigment films to the targeted vapors. The interaction between the vapors and the pigment films triggers a distinct color change, which is then analyzed by the detection system. By capturing the transmission spectra of the pigment film, our system allows a precise comparison of these spectra at different concentrations of the vapors. Our proposed sensor exhibits remarkable sensitivity, allowing the detection of HCl at a concentration of 0.009 ppm using only 100 µL (2.3 mg) of pigment film. In addition, it can detect NH at a concentration of 0.03 ppm with a 400 µL (9.2 mg) pigment film. Integrating as a natural pigment sensor in an optical system opens up new possibilities for detecting hazardous gases. The simplicity and efficiency of our system, combined with its sensitivity, make it an attractive tool in environmental monitoring and industrial safety applications.
Topics: Ammonia; Hydrochloric Acid; Curcuma; Gases; Water
PubMed: 37420767
DOI: 10.3390/s23125602