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Fertility and Sterility Feb 2021
Topics: 46, XX Disorders of Sex Development; Congenital Abnormalities; Humans; Mullerian Ducts
PubMed: 33419516
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.12.007 -
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine Jul 2021Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by impaired urinary concentrating ability, despite normal or elevated plasma concentrations of the antidiuretic... (Review)
Review
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) is characterized by impaired urinary concentrating ability, despite normal or elevated plasma concentrations of the antidiuretic hormone, arginine vasopressin (AVP). NDI can be inherited or acquired. NDI can result from genetic abnormalities, such as mutations in the vasopressin V2 receptor () or the aquaporin-2 (AQP2) water channel, or acquired causes, such as chronic lithium therapy. Congenital NDI is a rare condition. Mutations in are responsible for approximately 90% of patients with congenital NDI, and they have an X-linked pattern of inheritance. In approximately 10% of patients, congenital NDI has an autosomal recessive or dominant pattern of inheritance with mutations in the gene. In 2% of cases, the genetic cause is unknown. The main symptoms at presentation include growth retardation, vomiting or feeding concerns, polyuria plus polydipsia, and dehydration. Without treatment, most patients fail to grow normally, and present with associated constipation, urological complication, megacystis, trabeculated bladder, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, and mental retardation. Treatment of NDI consist of sufficient water intake, low-sodium diet, diuretic thiazide, sometimes in combination with a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor (indomethacin) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or hydrochlorothiazide in combination with amiloride. Some authors note a generally favorable long-term outcome and an apparent loss of efficacy of medical treatment during school age.
PubMed: 34055061
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10178 -
Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery Apr 2022The aim of this report was to describe the clinical signs, diagnostic imaging findings, surgical management, histopathological findings, outcome and possible risk...
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this report was to describe the clinical signs, diagnostic imaging findings, surgical management, histopathological findings, outcome and possible risk factors for cats that developed retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) following renal transplantation.
METHODS
Medical records of cats that underwent renal transplantation and developed clinically significant RPF between 1995 and 2019 were reviewed.
RESULTS
Eighty-one cats underwent 83 renal transplantations. Of these 81 cats, six developed clinically significant RPF. For all six cats, renal transplantation was performed using cold organ preservation solution and ureteral papilla implantation. Immunosuppression protocol included ciclosporin and prednisolone. All cats had at least one subtherapeutic trough ciclosporin level (<250 ng/ml) in the postoperative period. Cats presented with moderate-to-severe azotemia 39-210 days following renal transplantation. Abdominal ultrasonography and contrast pyelography revealed various degrees of hydroureter and hydronephrosis of the transplanted kidney. Surgical examination revealed a layer of dense fibrous tissue surrounding the transplanted kidney, ureter and bladder resulting in ureteral obstruction. Ureteral obstruction was managed by reimplantation of the proximal ureter or renal pelvis to the bladder. Histopathologic examination of the fibrous tissue and affected portion of the distal ureter revealed fibrous connective tissue with lymphoplasmacytic infiltration and perivascular inflammation suggestive of an autoimmune type reaction. Of the six cats, two died within 5 days after revision surgery, two developed signs consistent with recurrent partial ureteral obstruction (40 and 41 days after revision), one was euthanized 6 years later for an unrelated disease and one was lost to follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The incidence of RPF in this population of cats was relatively low (7%), but still represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The cause of RPF remains unknown, although investigation into suboptimal immunosuppression as a potential cause for local rejection reaction is warranted.
Topics: Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Cyclosporine; Female; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Postoperative Complications; Retroperitoneal Fibrosis; Ureteral Obstruction
PubMed: 34018858
DOI: 10.1177/1098612X211018976 -
Radiology Case Reports Jun 2024A 51-year-old woman presented to her local emergency department with acute onset right-sided flank pain and nausea. Her blood results on admission were largely...
A 51-year-old woman presented to her local emergency department with acute onset right-sided flank pain and nausea. Her blood results on admission were largely unremarkable aside from leucocytosis and neutrophilia. Two days after admission, she developed the following: stage 3 AKI with oliguria, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute derangement of liver function tests. A computed tomography of the kidney ureter bladder demonstrated a right-sided 4 mm obstructing vesicoureteric junction stone with associated hydronephrosis and hydroureter. She was transferred to a tertiary care centre; gram negative sepsis was confirmed with a Proteus on blood culture and laboratory findings were in keeping with DIC. She was treated with Tazobactam/Piperacillin and intravenous fluids. In addition, further imaging showed improving right-sided hydronephrosis and left renal cortical necrosis. The aetiology of this presentation was sepsis complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulation. The coagulopathy likely contributed to the unilateral renal cortical necrosis. Cortical necrosis usually affects both kidneys, and is typically a complication of sepsis, shock, or obstetrical trauma. To our knowledge, there are only 2 reported cases of unilateral renal cortical necrosis and contralateral hydronephrosis with renal colic and septic shock. Potential pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed.
PubMed: 38577129
DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.02.108 -
Frontiers in Pediatrics 2020The widespread use of obstetric ultrasonography has increased the detection rate of antenatal hydronephrosis. Although most cases of antenatal hydronephrosis are... (Review)
Review
The widespread use of obstetric ultrasonography has increased the detection rate of antenatal hydronephrosis. Although most cases of antenatal hydronephrosis are transient, one third persists and becomes clinically important. Ultrasound has made differential diagnosis possible to some extent. Ureteropelvic junction type hydronephrosis (UPJHN) is one of the most common cause of persistent fetal hydronephrosis and occurs three times more in male fetuses. It is usually sporadic and unilateral. However, when bilateral kidneys are involved and presents with severe hydronephrosis, the prognosis may be poor. Typical ultrasound findings of UPJHN is hydronephrosis without hydroureter. The size and appearance of the fetal bladder is usually normal without thickening of the bladder wall. Several grading systems are developed and increasingly being used to define the severity of prenatal hydronephrosis and provides much more information about prediction of postnatal renal prognosis. If fetal urinary tract dilation is detected; laterality, severity of hydronephrosis, echogenicity of the kidneys, presence of ureter dilation should be assessed. Bladder volume and emptying, sex of the fetus, amniotic fluid volume, and presence of associated malformations should be evaluated. Particularly the ultrasonographic signs of renal dysplasia, such as increased renal parenchymal echogenicity, thinning of the renal cortex, the presence of cortical cysts, and co-existing oligohydramnios should be noticed. Unfortunately, there is no reliable predictor of renal function in UPJHN cases. Unilateral hydronephrosis cases suggesting UPJHN are mostly followed up conservatively. However, the cases with bilateral involvement are still difficult to manage. Timing of delivery is also controversial.
PubMed: 33014923
DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00492 -
Canadian Urological Association Journal... Mar 2020We aimed to evaluate the impact of non-refluxing hydroureter on the initial management of high-grade hydronephrosis (HGH) management. Moreover, we evaluated the...
INTRODUCTION
We aimed to evaluate the impact of non-refluxing hydroureter on the initial management of high-grade hydronephrosis (HGH) management. Moreover, we evaluated the occurrence of febrile urinary tract infection (fUTI) and surgical intervention for conservatively managed units.
METHODS
Patients' charts with postnatal hydronephrosis from 2008-2014 were retrospectively reviewed. We included patients who presented in the first year of life. All included patients had HGH (Society of Fetal Ultrasound [SFU] grades 3 and 4) and all were non-refluxing using voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG). We categorized renal units into two groups: with hydroureteronephrosis (HUN) and without hydroureter (isolated hydronephrosis [IH]). We recorded the initial management. We evaluated the impact of non-refluxing hydroureter on hydronephrosis fate, fUTI, and change to surgery for those managed conservatively.
RESULTS
We included 169 patients (180 units). IH was diagnosed in 146 units (137 patients), whereas 34 units (32 patients) had HUN. Median followup was 42.9 months. A total of 25.3% (37/146) of IH units had initial surgical management in comparison to 5.1% (2/34) of HUN units (p=0.01). During conservative management, nine HUN patients (30%) and 11 IH patients (10.7%) experienced fUTI (p=0.009). Surgical intervention after failed conservative management was indicated for 12 IH units (11%) and six HUN units (18.8%) (p=0.25). Anteroposterior diameter (APD) worsening was significantly associated with the change to surgery in IH group (p=0.003). More than half (52.3%) of IH units resolved during conservative management in comparison to 18.7% of HUN (p<0.001). HUN had longer time to resolution (log rank=0.004).
CONCLUSIONS
IH units had more initial surgical interventions. The fUTI rate was much higher in association with dilated ureter even under antibiotic coverage. HUN was associated with less and slower resolution rate.
PubMed: 31599717
DOI: 10.5489/cuaj.6080 -
Cureus May 2022Opioid-induced constipation is a significant medical problem accounting for over 40% to 60% of patients without cancer receiving opioids. We report a unique case of a...
Opioid-induced constipation is a significant medical problem accounting for over 40% to 60% of patients without cancer receiving opioids. We report a unique case of a 71-year-old male with a history of opioid use disorder now on methadone maintenance presenting with severe opioid-induced constipation and fecal impaction causing extrinsic compression on the right-sided ureter resulting in right hydronephrosis and hydroureter that improved with aggressive bowel regime with the stool softener, laxatives and enemas. Methadone alone can predispose to hydroureter with hydronephrosis due to external compression from the severe intestinal dilation secondary to opioid-induced constipation.
PubMed: 35719767
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.25090