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Allergology International : Official... Jul 2021
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 34176582
DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2021.06.003 -
Allergy and Asthma Proceedings Sep 2019
Topics: Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Peanut Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 31514786
DOI: 10.2500/aap.2019.40.4245 -
Sexually Transmitted Infections Feb 2004Genital allergy should be considered as a possible diagnosis in all patients with genital soreness or irritation for which no infection or dermatosis can be identified... (Review)
Review
Genital allergy should be considered as a possible diagnosis in all patients with genital soreness or irritation for which no infection or dermatosis can be identified and in whom symptoms remain unchanged or worsen with treatment. Type I and IV hypersensitivity reactions are most commonly encountered and can be assessed by performing skin prick testing/radioallergosorbent test (RAST) or patch testing, respectively. Type IV reactions (contact dermatitis) may sometimes prove difficult to distinguish clinically from an irritant dermatitis. This clinical review attempts to summarise key features of genital allergy for the practicing clinician.
Topics: Female; Genital Diseases, Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Male
PubMed: 14755027
DOI: 10.1136/sti.2003.005132 -
Pediatric Annals May 2021
Topics: Child; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 34044709
DOI: 10.3928/19382359-20210421-03 -
Allergy Feb 2017It is well recognized that atopic sensitization is an important risk factor for asthma, both in adults and in children. However, the role of allergy in severe asthma is... (Review)
Review
It is well recognized that atopic sensitization is an important risk factor for asthma, both in adults and in children. However, the role of allergy in severe asthma is still under debate. The term 'Severe Asthma' encompasses a highly heterogeneous group of patients who require treatment on steps 4-5 of GINA guidelines to prevent their asthma from becoming 'uncontrolled', or whose disease remains 'uncontrolled' despite this therapy. Epidemiological studies on emergency room visits and hospital admissions for asthma suggest the important role of allergy in asthma exacerbations. In addition, allergic asthma in childhood is often associated with severe asthma in adulthood. A strong association exists between asthma exacerbations and respiratory viral infections, and interaction between viruses and allergy further increases the risk of asthma exacerbations. Furthermore, fungal allergy has been shown to play an important role in severe asthma. Other contributing factors include smoking, pollution and work-related exposures. The 'Allergy and Asthma Severity' EAACI Task Force examined the current evidence and produced this position document on the role of allergy in severe asthma.
Topics: Age Factors; Age of Onset; Allergens; Animals; Asthma; Diagnosis, Differential; Environmental Exposure; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Immunoglobulin E; Inhalation Exposure; Phenotype; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 27775836
DOI: 10.1111/all.13072 -
Clinical and Experimental Immunology Jan 2020The human body is populated by a large number of microorganisms and exist in symbiosis with these immensely diverse communities, which are suggested to influence health... (Review)
Review
The human body is populated by a large number of microorganisms and exist in symbiosis with these immensely diverse communities, which are suggested to influence health and disease. The microbiota plays an essential role in the maturation and function of the immune system. The prevalence of atopic diseases has increased drastically over the past decades, and the co-occurrence of multiple allergic diseases and allergic sensitization starting in early life has gained a great deal of attention. Immune responses in different organs affected by allergic diseases (e.g. skin, intestine and lung) may be linked to microbial changes in peripheral tissues. In the current review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of microbial interactions in allergic diseases and their potential role in the atopic march.
Topics: Humans; Hypersensitivity; Microbiota; Organ Specificity
PubMed: 31777060
DOI: 10.1111/cei.13398 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020The immune response to antigens is a key aspect of immunology, as it provides opportunities for therapeutic intervention. However, the induction of immunological... (Review)
Review
The immune response to antigens is a key aspect of immunology, as it provides opportunities for therapeutic intervention. However, the induction of immunological tolerance is an evolving area that is still not sufficiently understood. Allergen immunotherapy (AIT) is a disease-modulating therapy available for immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated airway diseases such as allergic rhinitis or allergic asthma. This disease-modifying effect is not only antigen driven but also antigen specific. The specificity and also the long-lasting, often life-long symptom reduction make the therapy attractive for patients. Additionally, the chance to prevent the onset of asthma by treating allergic rhinitis with AIT is important. The mechanism and, in consequence, therapy guiding biomarker are still in its infancy. Recent studies demonstrated that the interaction of T, B, dendritic, and epithelial cells and macrophages are individually contributing to clinical tolerance and therefore underline the need for a system to monitor the progress and success of AIT. As clinical improvement is often accompanied by decreases in numbers of effector cells in the tissue, analyses of cellular responses and cytokine pattern provide a good insight into the mechanisms of AIT. The suppression of type-2 immunity is accompanied by decreased levels of type-2 mediators such as epithelial CCL-26 and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13 produced by T cells that are constituting the immune memory and are increasingly controlled by regulatory T and B cells following AIT. Immune tolerance is also associated with increased production of type-1 mediators like interferon-gamma, tissue-homeostating factors like indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells. Although these individual genes were convincingly demonstrated to play a role immune tolerance, they do not predict therapy outcomes of AIT on an individual level. Therefore, combinations or ratios of gene expression levels are a promising way to achieve predictive value and definition of helpful biomarker.
Topics: Allergens; Biomarkers; Cytokines; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune Tolerance; Inflammation Mediators; Predictive Value of Tests; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32983092
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01826 -
Minerva Pediatrica Oct 2020
Topics: Adolescent; Child; E-Cigarette Vapor; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunotherapy; Kounis Syndrome; Respiratory Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 32731736
DOI: 10.23736/S0026-4946.20.06015-6 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2021The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to... (Review)
Review
The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish endogenous components from non-self-components. An unproperly functioning immune system is prone to primary immune deficiencies caused by either primary immune deficiencies such as genetic defects or secondary immune deficiencies such as physical, chemical, and in some instances, psychological stressors. In the manuscript, we will provide a brief overview of the immune system and immunotoxicology. We will also describe the biochemical mechanisms of immunotoxicants and how to evaluate immunotoxicity.
Topics: Allergens; Animals; Environmental Illness; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Respiratory Hypersensitivity; Respiratory Mucosa
PubMed: 34361007
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158242 -
Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical... Feb 2017Allergen immunotherapy is the only modality that can modify the immune response upon exposure to aeroallergens and venom allergens. This review will update the allergist... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Allergen immunotherapy is the only modality that can modify the immune response upon exposure to aeroallergens and venom allergens. This review will update the allergist on recent studies evaluating safety of sublingual and subcutaneous allergen immunotherapy.
RECENT FINDINGS
Multiple clinical trials and retrospective studies have been published evaluating overall safety of these therapies. The risk of systemic reactions with subcutaneous immunotherapy remains quite low, but near-fatal and fatal anaphylaxis does occur, requiring physicians to be aware of potential risks for such events. Sublingual immunotherapy has a high incidence of local site application reactions, but severe anaphylactic events are very uncommon.
SUMMARY
Subcutaneous immunotherapy and sublingual immunotherapy are beneficial in treating allergic rhinitis and venom hypersensitivity but should be administered only by physicians familiar with potential risk factors and able to manage treatment-related local and systemic allergic reactions.
Topics: Administration, Sublingual; Allergens; Anaphylaxis; Animals; Clinical Trials as Topic; Desensitization, Immunologic; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Injections, Subcutaneous; Risk
PubMed: 27906697
DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0000000000000335