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Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology 2024The current data on various aspects of Brown syndrome are limited and sporadic. This review provides a coherent and comprehensive review of basic features, etiology,... (Review)
Review
The current data on various aspects of Brown syndrome are limited and sporadic. This review provides a coherent and comprehensive review of basic features, etiology, classification, differential diagnosis, and different management strategies of patients with Brown syndrome. In this topical review, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar search engines were searched for papers, published between 1950 and January 2023 based on the keywords of this article. The related articles were collected, summarized, categorized, assessed, concluded, and presented. Brown syndrome is identified by restricted passive and active elevation of the eye in adduction. The condition is divided into congenital and acquired causes. The clinical features result from a restricted motion of the superior oblique tendon sheath through the trochlea while trying to look up in adduction. The newest explanation of the underlying pathophysiology has been explained as the presence of a fibrotic strand in the superior oblique muscle tendon with variable insertion sites which creates various elevation deficits seen in Brown syndrome. The most common clinical features include the presence of an abnormal head posture, V-pattern strabismus, and hypotropia in the primary position. Management of Brown syndrome includes watchful observation, surgical, and non-surgical procedures. Some cases might resolve spontaneously without any intervention; however, some acquired cases might require systemic and/or intra-trochlear steroid administration to treat the underlying causes. Surgical procedures such as superior oblique tenectomy and using a silicon tendon expander are indicated in the presence of hypotropia and significant abnormal head posture in the primary position.
PubMed: 38406627
DOI: 10.1177/25158414231222118 -
European Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2020To assess the efficacy of "Yokoyama Procedure," on non-highly myopic patients with acquired esotropia and hypotropia.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the efficacy of "Yokoyama Procedure," on non-highly myopic patients with acquired esotropia and hypotropia.
METHODS
The study involved 10 eyes of 5 patients with eso-hypotropia. Inclusion criteria were acquired esotropic-hypotropic strabismus with lateral rectus inferior displacement and superior rectus nasal displacement confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging, refractive errors between ±6 D, and axial length < 27 mm. Range of full duction movements and maximum angles of abduction-sursumduction was measured in each eye before and after surgery. All patients underwent T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. The surgery was aimed at creating a junction between the muscle bellies of the superior and lateral rectus muscles. This junction was made approximately 14 mm behind the insertions using a non-absorbable mersilene 5/0 suture (Yokoyama procedure).
RESULTS
Mean patient age was 64.8 ± 4.8 years. The mean globe axial length was 25.4 ± 0.76 mm and a mean corresponding spherical equivalent refraction of -3.7 ± 1.7 D was observed. Eight eyes on 10 had mild limitation in abduction, while the remaining 2 had no limitation. Three out of 10 eyes showed a moderate limited sursumduction, 5 eyes were categorized as mild, and the remaining 2 had no limitation. No evident post-operative limitation was present in any eye, in both abduction and sursumduction (p < 0.01). Pre-operative esotropia and hypotropia were, respectively, 32 ± 11 prismatic diopters and 25 ± 5 prismatic diopters, and they were significantly reduced after surgery as 9 ± 1.7 prismatic diopters and 6 ±1 prismatic diopters (p = 0.043), respectively.
CONCLUSION
Yokoyama procedure is an effective, fast, reversible procedure to face eso-hypotropic acquired strabismus, even in patients with a clear magnetic resonance imaging displacement of superior and lateral rectus muscles, and absence of globe dislocation and of elevated myopia.
Topics: Aged; Esotropia; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Middle Aged; Myopia; Oculomotor Muscles; Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; Strabismus; Treatment Outcome; Vision, Binocular; Visual Acuity
PubMed: 31106643
DOI: 10.1177/1120672119850684 -
Acta Ophthalmologica Mar 2021To elucidate the patterns of strabismus and ophthalmoplegia associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) confirmed by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)...
PURPOSE
To elucidate the patterns of strabismus and ophthalmoplegia associated with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) confirmed by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) deletions in Asians.
METHODS
A total of 10 patients confirmed to have mtDNA deletion associated with CPEO were included. Long-range PCR encompassing the entire mtDNA was carried out. In the cases with mtDNA deletion, the exact deletion ranges of mtDNA were identified by sequencing. A full ophthalmologic examination including prism and alternate cover test in the primary position, evaluation of ductions and versions, and binocularity was performed in 10 patients with confirmed mtDNA deletions associated with CPEO.
RESULTS
All of the patients showed ophthalmoplegia as well as ptosis, even after eyelid surgeries. Ophthalmoplegia was symmetric between both eyes in nine patients (90%) while one patient (10%) showed asymmetric ophthalmoplegia with esotropia and left hypotropia. Among the nine patients with symmetric involvement, four patients (44%) showed exotropia, three (33%) had exotropia with vertical deviation, and the remaining two patients (22%) showed orthotropia. Five out of 10 patients (50%) complained of diplopia associated with strabismus, four of whom (80%) had vertical deviation. Three out of five patients (60%) without diplopia showed exotropia of 20 prism diopters (PD) to 50 PD.
CONCLUSIONS
Exotropia with/without vertical deviation is the most common form of strabismus in Asian patients with CPEO and only one of them showed a small angle of esotropia. Ophthalmoplegia could be asymmetric in 10% of CPEO patients.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Chronic Disease; DNA, Mitochondrial; Disease Progression; Female; Gene Deletion; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Ophthalmoplegia; Retrospective Studies; Strabismus; Young Adult
PubMed: 33191655
DOI: 10.1111/aos.14558 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2017Superior oblique palsy is a common cause of vertical strabismus in adults and children. Patients may be symptomatic from binocular vertical diplopia or compensatory head... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Superior oblique palsy is a common cause of vertical strabismus in adults and children. Patients may be symptomatic from binocular vertical diplopia or compensatory head tilt required to maintain single vision. Most patients who are symptomatic elect to undergo strabismus surgery, but the optimal surgical treatment for vertical strabismus in people with superior oblique palsy is unknown.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the relative effects of surgical treatments compared with another surgical intervention, non-surgical intervention, or observation for vertical strabismus in people with superior oblique palsy.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2016, Issue 12), MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 13 December 2016), Embase Ovid (1947 to 13 December 2016), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS) (1982 to 13 December 2016), the ISRCTN registry (www.isrctn.com/editAdvancedSearch); searched 13 December 2016, ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov); searched 13 December 2016, and the World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en); searched 13 December 2016. We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized trials that compared at least one type of surgical intervention to another surgical or non-surgical intervention or observation.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently completed eligibility screening, data abstraction, 'Risk of bias' assessment, and grading of the evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
We identified two randomized trials comparing four different surgical treatments for this condition, two methods in each trial. The studies included a total of 45 children and adults. The surgical treatments were all procedures to weaken the ipsilateral inferior oblique muscle. One study compared inferior oblique myectomy to recession of 10 mm; the other study compared inferior oblique disinsertion to anterior transposition (2 mm anterior to the temporal border of the inferior rectus insertion).We judged both studies to be at unclear risk of bias due to incomplete reporting of methods and other methodological deficiencies.Neither study reported data on the primary outcome of this review, which was the proportion of participants with postoperative surgical success, defined as hypertropia less than 3 prism diopters (PD) in primary gaze. However, both studies reported the average reduction in hypertropia in primary gaze. One study found that at 12 months' postoperatively the average decrease in hypertropia was higher in participants who underwent inferior oblique myectomy than in those who underwent recession, however data were not available for statistical comparison. The other trial found that after at least six months of follow-up, the mean decrease in primary position hypertropia was lower in participants who underwent inferior oblique disinsertion than in those who underwent anterior transposition (mean difference (MD) -5.20 PD, 95% confidence interval (CI) -7.76 to -2.64; moderate-quality evidence).Both trials also reported the average postoperative reduction in vertical deviation in adduction. One study reported that the average reduction in hypertropia in adduction was greater in participants who underwent inferior oblique myectomy than in those who underwent recession, but data were not available for statistical comparison. The other study found a lower decrease in hypertropia in contralateral gaze in participants who underwent inferior oblique disinsertion than in those who underwent anterior transposition (MD -7.10 PD, 95% CI -13.85 to -0.35; moderate-quality evidence).Secondary outcomes with sufficient data for analysis included proportion of participants with preoperative head tilt that resolved postoperatively and proportion of participants who underwent a second surgery. These outcomes were assessed in the trial comparing inferior oblique anterior transposition to disinsertion; both outcomes favored anterior transposition (risk ratio 7.00, 95% CI 0.40 to 121.39 for both outcomes; very low-quality evidence). None of the participants who underwent inferior oblique anterior transposition or disinsertion developed postoperative hypotropia or reversal of the vertical deviation. All participants who underwent inferior oblique anterior transposition developed elevation deficiency, which the authors deemed to be clinically insignificant in all cases, whereas no participants who underwent inferior oblique disinsertion experienced this complication. Additionally, the trial comparing inferior oblique myectomy to recession reported that no participant in either group required another strabismus surgery during the postoperative period.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The two trials included in this review evaluated four inferior oblique weakening procedures for surgical treatment of superior oblique palsy. We found no trials comparing other types of surgical procedures for this disorder. Both studies had enrolled a small number of participants and provided low-quality evidence due to limitations in completeness and applicability. We therefore found no high-quality evidence to support recommendations for optimal surgical treatment of superior oblique palsy. Rigorously designed, conducted, and reported randomized trials are needed to identify the optimal surgical treatment for vertical strabismus in this disorder.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Oculomotor Muscles; Ophthalmoplegia; Postoperative Complications; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Strabismus
PubMed: 29178265
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012447.pub2 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Nov 2015The term "strabismus" describes misalignment of the eyes. One or both eyes may deviate inward, outward, upward, or downward. Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
The term "strabismus" describes misalignment of the eyes. One or both eyes may deviate inward, outward, upward, or downward. Dissociated vertical deviation (DVD) is a well-recognized type of upward drifting of one or both eyes, which can occur in children or adults. DVD often develops in the context of infantile- or childhood-onset horizontal strabismus, either esotropia (inward-turning) or exotropia (outward-turning). For some individuals, DVD remains controlled and can only be detected during clinical testing. For others, DVD becomes spontaneously "manifest" and the eye drifts up of its own accord. Spontaneously manifest DVD can be difficult to control and often causes psychosocial concerns. Traditionally, DVD has been thought to be asymptomatic, although some individuals have double vision. More recently it has been suggested that individuals with DVD may also suffer from eyestrain. Treatment for DVD may be sought either due to psychosocial concerns or because of these symptoms. The standard treatment for DVD is a surgical procedure; non-surgical treatments are offered less commonly. Although there are many studies evaluating different management options for the correction of DVD, a lack of clarity remains regarding which treatments are most effective.
OBJECTIVES
The objective of this review was to determine the effectiveness and safety of various surgical and non-surgical interventions in randomized controlled trials of participants with DVD.
SEARCH METHODS
We searched CENTRAL (which contains the Cochrane Eyes and Vision Trials Register) (2015, Issue 8), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE Daily, Ovid OLDMEDLINE (January 1946 to August 2015), EMBASE (January 1980 to August 2015), PubMed (1948 to August 2015), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature Database (LILACS) (1982 to August 2015), the metaRegister of Controlled Trials (mRCT) (www.controlled-trials.com) (last searched 3 February 2014), ClinicalTrials.gov (www.clinicaltrials.gov), and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (www.who.int/ictrp/search/en). We did not use any date or language restrictions in the electronic searches for trials. We last searched the electronic databases on 3 August 2015.
SELECTION CRITERIA
We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of surgical and non-surgical interventions for the correction of DVD.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
We used standard procedures expected by Cochrane. Two review authors independently completed eligibility screening, data abstraction, 'Risk of bias' assessment, and grading of the evidence.
MAIN RESULTS
We found four RCTs eligible for inclusion in this review (248 eyes of 151 participants between the ages of 6 months to 22 years). All trials were assessed as having unclear risk of bias overall due to insufficient reporting of study methods. One trial was conducted in Canada and compared anteriorization of the inferior oblique muscle with resection versus anteriorization of the inferior oblique muscle alone; one in the USA compared superior rectus recession with posterior fixation suture versus superior rectus recession alone; and two in the Czech Republic compared anteriorization of the inferior oblique muscle versus myectomy of the inferior oblique muscle.Only one trial reported data that allowed analysis of the primary outcome for this review, the proportion of participants with treatment success. The difference between inferior oblique anteriorization plus resection versus inferior oblique anteriorization alone was uncertain when measured at least four months postoperatively (risk ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 0.60 to 2.11, 30 participants, very low-quality evidence). Three trials measured the magnitude of hyperdeviation, but did not provide sufficient data for analysis. All four trials reported a relatively low rate of adverse events; hypotropia, limited elevation, and need for repeat surgery were reported as adverse events associated with some of the surgical interventions. No trials reported any other secondary outcome specified for our review.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The four trials included in this review assessed the effectiveness of five different surgical procedures for the treatment of DVD. Nevertheless, insufficient reporting of study methods and data led to methodological concerns that undermine the conclusions of all studies. There is a pressing need for carefully executed RCTs of treatment for DVD in order to improve the evidence for the optimal management of this condition.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Oculomotor Muscles; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Strabismus; Treatment Outcome; Young Adult
PubMed: 26587695
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010868.pub2 -
Transactions of the American... 2004To determine whether sinus disease may cause acquired strabismus.
PURPOSE
To determine whether sinus disease may cause acquired strabismus.
METHODS
Patients with idiopathic acquired (nonaccommodative) esotropia and/or hypotropia were questioned in detail about possible contributing factors (trauma; family history of strabismus; thyroid, neurologic, or rheumatologic disorders). Acute versus chronic onset was ascertained. Those without obvious cause of strabismus were investigated for possible sinus disease with sinus computed tomographic scan and otolaryngologic consultation.
RESULTS
Over a period of 5 years, 59 patients were identified with sinus disease that correlated to their strabismus pattern(s). Twenty-three had "possible" sinus-related strabismus. They had sinus findings that correlated with the strabismus pattern (eg, hypotropia and adjacent maxillary sinus disease). Twenty-six had "likely" sinus-related strabismus. These patients had additional features, such as their own recognition that strabismus worsened along with sinus symptoms, or unusually severe sinus disease. Ten were diagnosed with "very likely" sinus-related strabismus. They had strong correlation between treatment of sinus disease and strabismus improvement. Eighteen patients required sinus surgery owing to failure of medical control. Age at onset of strabismus ranged from 6 months to 81 years. Forty patients required strabismus surgery. All had restriction of motility on forced duction testing under anesthesia. Control of sinus disease combined with range-of-motion eye exercise improved symptoms in 19 who did not require strabismus surgery.
CONCLUSIONS
Occult sinus disease may cause acquired strabismus. Perhaps sinusitis leads to inflammation and secondary contracture in adjacent extraocular muscles. Although difficult to prove owing to the high frequencies of both strabismus and sinus disease, the association between the two may prove significant to strabismus treatment and long-term control.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Exercise Therapy; Female; Humans; Male; Otolaryngology; Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures; Paranasal Sinus Diseases; Referral and Consultation; Severity of Illness Index; Strabismus; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 15747754
DOI: No ID Found -
Oman Journal of Ophthalmology May 2010Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) describes a group of rare congenital eye movement disorders that result from the dysfunction of all or part of the...
BACKGROUND
Congenital fibrosis of the extraocular muscles (CFEOM) describes a group of rare congenital eye movement disorders that result from the dysfunction of all or part of the oculomotor (CN 3) and the trochlear (CN 4) nerves, and/or the muscles these nerves innervate.
AIM
To describe the clinical and neuro-radiological findings in three patients with CFEOM and review literature with respect to clinical features, genetics and management of this condition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective chart review was performed of three Omani patients who had been diagnosed with CFEOM in our institution. All patients had undergone standardized orthoptic and ocular evaluations and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the orbits and brain.
RESULTS
The three patients (age range nine months - 10 years) presented a history of congenital strabismus. All patients had severe bilateral ptosis and mild to moderate visual impairment secondary to the ptosis and astigmatism. Two of three patients demonstrated a positive jaw-winking phenomenon. A moderate to large angle exotropia with varying amount of hypotropia and limitations of almost all the extra ocular muscles was noted. Patient 3 was also developmentally delayed. MRI brain and orbit showed abnormalities of the extraocular muscles in two patients and brain malformation in one patient.
CONCLUSIONS
CFEOM is a rare, congenital, and non-progressive disorder with multiple extra ocular muscle restrictions. CFEOM can be associated with neuro-radiological abnormalities; its diagnosis and classification is defined by clinical characteristics and genetics. Options for treatment are limited and difficult.
PubMed: 21217899
DOI: 10.4103/0974-620X.64230 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Feb 2023Brown syndrome, or superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome, is characterized by limitation of elevation on adduction. The disorder is thought to involve the...
SIGNIFICANCE
Brown syndrome, or superior oblique tendon sheath syndrome, is characterized by limitation of elevation on adduction. The disorder is thought to involve the trochlea/superior oblique tendon complex through traumatic, surgical, and inflammatory mechanisms. It could be an indication of multiple underlying immunological or rheumatological disorders.
PURPOSE
This study aimed to report an unusual strabismus after receiving the first dose of a live attenuated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine.
CASE REPORT
A 31-year-old female patient presented with painful vertical diplopia and tenderness of the left trochlear area 3 days after the first dose of COVID-19 vaccination. She had a compensatory chin elevation and face turn to the right, as well as a left 10-prism-diopter hypotropia in the primary position, which increased to 15 prism diopters in the right gaze and disappeared in the left gaze. Ocular motility revealed the limitation of elevation on adduction. The patient denied any history of ocular trauma and was consequently investigated for dysthyroid disease and various immunological and rheumatological disorders, which were excluded. A Hess chart was obtained to document the motility disorder.
CONCLUSIONS
We report a case of acquired Brown syndrome in a 31-year-old otherwise healthy woman shortly after COVID-19 vaccination. It is possible that the patient may have developed trochleitis and/or superior oblique tenosynovitis brought on by cross-reacting antibodies generated by the immune response to the vaccine. In the age of the widest vaccination campaign in human history, it is highly likely that we will continue to observe many unexpected potential adverse effects of these vaccines in our clinical practice.
Topics: Female; Humans; Adult; COVID-19 Vaccines; COVID-19; Ocular Motility Disorders; Strabismus; Oculomotor Muscles; Vaccination; Rheumatic Diseases
PubMed: 36728177
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001988 -
Beyoglu Eye Journal 2021The goal of this study was to evaluate surgical techniques and outcomes in patients with Brown's syndrome.
OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to evaluate surgical techniques and outcomes in patients with Brown's syndrome.
METHODS
A retrospective review was conducted of patients who underwent surgery of the superior oblique (SO) muscle between 2003 and 2011 at a referral center.
RESULTS
In all, 190 patients (111 female and 79 male) with an age range of 4-50 years were included in the study. The right eye was affected in 98 patients, and the left eye in 92 patients. Abnormal head posture (AHP), ocular movement (OM), and hypotropia were assessed. The greatest improvement of AHP was seen following an SO temporal tenotomy (91%). Patients with a -4 limitation achieved full OM after a SO temporal tenotomy.
CONCLUSION
Temporal tenotomy provided the best improvement in limitation of elevation in adduction.
PubMed: 35005520
DOI: 10.14744/bej.2021.35693 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Mar 2023To assess the clinical profiles and outcomes of strabismus in pediatric patients with orbital wall fractures.
PURPOSE
To assess the clinical profiles and outcomes of strabismus in pediatric patients with orbital wall fractures.
METHODS
A retrospective interventional study of all consecutive children of age ≤16 years who presented with traumatic orbital wall fractures with and without resultant strabismus was conducted. The details of patient demographics, clinical features, interventions, and outcomes were obtained.
RESULTS
Forty-three children presented with traumatic orbital fractures to a tertiary care center. The mean age at presentation was 11 years and there was a male predominance (72.09%). Isolated floor fracture involvement was the most common (n = 24, 55.81%), and almost half of the children had a white-eyed or trapdoor fracture (n = 21, 48.83%). Twenty-six (60.46%) children had surgical repair of fracture(s). Manifest strabismus following orbital fracture was documented in 12 children (27.90%). Of these, an exotropia was noted in seven (58.33%), hypotropia in two (16.67%), hypertropia in one (8.33%), and esotropia in one patient (8.33%), while an exotropia with hypotropia was noted in one patient (8.33%). Restrictive nature of strabismus due to either muscle entrapment or local trauma was more commonly observed in 11/12 patients (91.66%). Primary position diplopia before orbital wall fracture repair was observed in four children and after repair was observed in two children with manifest strabismus. Four children underwent strabismus surgery post-fracture repair.
CONCLUSION
An improvement in strabismus and ocular motility was noted in majority of the patients after fracture repair. The few that underwent strabismus surgery had a restrictive nature of strabismus. Trapdoor fractures and the nature of trauma in children vary compared to adults. Persistence of strabismus may be due to an excessive time interval between trauma and fracture repair or the extensive nature of trauma.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Child; Male; Adolescent; Female; Orbital Fractures; Retrospective Studies; Strabismus; Esotropia; Exotropia
PubMed: 36872720
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1929_22