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Journal of Athletic Training May 2016The incidence of injury for elite youth and professional adult soccer players is an important concern, but the risk factors for these groups are different. (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
The incidence of injury for elite youth and professional adult soccer players is an important concern, but the risk factors for these groups are different.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize and compare the injury incidences and injury characteristics of male professional adult and elite youth soccer players.
DATA SOURCES
We searched MEDLINE and Web of Science using the search terms elite, international, European, soccer, football, injury, injuries, epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, not female, not American football, and not rugby. We also used the search terms professional for studies on professional adult soccer players and high-level, soccer academy, youth, adolescent, and young for studies on elite youth soccer players.
STUDY SELECTION
Eligible studies were published in English, had a prospective cohort design, and had a minimum study period of 6 months. To ensure that injury data were assessed in relationship to the athlete's individual exposure, we included only studies that reported on injuries and documented exposure volume.
DATA EXTRACTION
Two independent reviewers applied the selection criteria and assessed the quality of the studies.
DATA SYNTHESIS
A total of 676 studies were retrieved from the literature search. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria: 6 for elite youth and 12 for professional adult soccer players.
CONCLUSIONS
Injury rates were higher for matches than for training for both youth and adult players. Youth players had a higher incidence of training injuries than professionals. Efforts must be made to reduce the overall injury rate in matches. Therefore, preventive interventions, such as adequately enforcing rules and focusing on fair play, must be analyzed and developed to reduce match-related injury incidences. Reducing training injuries should be a particular focus for youth soccer players.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Athletes; Athletic Injuries; Football; Humans; Incidence; Male; Risk Factors; Soccer
PubMed: 27244125
DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-51.6.03 -
JAMA Ophthalmology Feb 2022Myopia incidence and progression has been described extensively in children. However, few data exist regarding myopia incidence and progression in early adulthood.
IMPORTANCE
Myopia incidence and progression has been described extensively in children. However, few data exist regarding myopia incidence and progression in early adulthood.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the 8-year incidence of myopia and change in ocular biometry in young adults and their association with the known risk factors for childhood myopia.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
The Raine Study is a prospective single-center cohort study. Baseline and follow-up eye assessments were conducted from January 2010 to August 2012 and from March 2018 to March 2020. The data were analyzed from June to July 2021. A total of 1328 participants attended the baseline assessment, and 813 participants attended the follow-up assessment. Refractive information from both visits was available for 701 participants. Participants with keratoconus, previous corneal surgery, or recent orthokeratology wear were excluded.
EXPOSURES
Participants' eyes were examined at ages 20 years (baseline) and 28 years.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Incidence of myopia and high myopia; change in spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL).
RESULTS
A total of 516 (261 male [50.6%]) and 698 (349 male [50.0%]) participants without myopia or high myopia at baseline, respectively, were included in the incidences analyses, while 691 participants (339 male [49%]) were included in the progression analysis. The 8-year myopia and high myopia incidence were 14.0% (95% CI, 11.5%-17.4%) and 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3%-1.2%), respectively. A myopic shift (of 0.50 diopters [D] or greater in at least 1 eye) occurred in 261 participants (37.8%). Statistical significance was found in longitudinal changes in SE (-0.04 D per year; P < .001), AL (0.02 mm per year; P <.001), and lens thickness (0.02 mm per year; P < .001). Incident myopia was associated with self-reported East Asian vs White race (odds ratio [OR], 6.13; 95% CI, 1.06-35.25; P = .04), female vs male sex (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.02-3.22; P = .04), smaller conjunctival ultraviolet autofluorescence area (per 10-mm2 decrease, indicating less sun exposure; OR, 9.86; 95% CI, 9.76-9.97; P = <.009), and parental myopia (per parent; OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.03-2.38; P = <.05). Rates of myopia progression and axial elongation were faster in female participants (estimate: SE, 0.02 D per year; 95 % CI, 0.01-0.02 and AL, 0.007 mm per year, 95 % CI, 0.00.-0.011; P ≤ .001) and those with parental myopia (estimate per parent: SE, 0.01 D per year; 95% CI, 0.00-0.02 and AL, 95% CI, 0.002-0.008; P ≤ .001). Education level was not associated with myopia incidence or progression.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
These findings suggest myopia progression continues for more than one-third of adults during the third decade of life, albeit at lower rates than during childhood. The protective effects of time outdoors against myopia may continue into young adulthood.
Topics: Adult; Axial Length, Eye; Child; Cohort Studies; Cornea; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Myopia; Prospective Studies; Refraction, Ocular; Young Adult
PubMed: 34989764
DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.5067 -
JAMA Internal Medicine Nov 2022Recommendations for the number of steps per day may be easier to enact for some people than the current time- and intensity-based physical activity guidelines, but the...
IMPORTANCE
Recommendations for the number of steps per day may be easier to enact for some people than the current time- and intensity-based physical activity guidelines, but the evidence to support steps-based goals is limited.
OBJECTIVE
To describe the associations of step count and intensity with all-cause mortality and cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This population-based prospective cohort study used data from the UK Biobank for 2013 to 2015 (median follow-up, 7 years) and included adults 40 to 79 years old in England, Scotland, and Wales. Participants were invited by email to partake in an accelerometer study. Registry-based morbidity and mortality were ascertained through October 2021. Data analyses were performed during March 2022.
EXPOSURES
Baseline wrist accelerometer-measured daily step count and established cadence-based step intensity measures (steps/min): incidental steps, (<40 steps/min), purposeful steps (≥40 steps/min); and peak-30 cadence (average steps/min for the 30 highest, but not necessarily consecutive, min/d).
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
All-cause mortality and primary and secondary CVD or cancer mortality and incidence diagnosis. For cancer, analyses were restricted to a composite cancer outcome of 13 sites that have a known association with reduced physical activity. Cox restricted cubic spline regression models were used to assess the dose-response associations. The linear mean rate of change (MRC) in the log-relative hazard ratio for each outcome per 2000 daily step increments were also estimated.
RESULTS
The study population of 78 500 individuals (mean [SD] age, 61 [8] years; 43 418 [55%] females; 75 874 [97%] White individuals) was followed for a median of 7 years during which 1325 participants died of cancer and 664 of CVD (total deaths 2179). There were 10 245 incident CVD events and 2813 cancer incident events during the observation period. More daily steps were associated with a lower risk of all-cause (MRC, -0.08; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.06), CVD (MRC, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.15 to -0.06), and cancer mortality (MRC, 95% CI, -0.11; -0.15 to -0.06) for up to approximately 10 000 steps. Similarly, accruing more daily steps was associated with lower incident disease. Peak-30 cadence was consistently associated with lower risks across all outcomes, beyond the benefit of total daily steps.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
The findings of this population-based prospective cohort study of 78 500 individuals suggest that up to 10 000 steps per day may be associated with a lower risk of mortality and cancer and CVD incidence. Steps performed at a higher cadence may be associated with additional risk reduction, particularly for incident disease.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Aged; Male; Cardiovascular Diseases; Incidence; Prospective Studies; Neoplasms; Risk Reduction Behavior
PubMed: 36094529
DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.4000 -
Journal of the National Cancer Institute Mar 2022Extended, more effective breast cancer treatments have increased the prevalence of long-term survivors. We investigated the risk of late breast cancer recurrence (BCR),...
BACKGROUND
Extended, more effective breast cancer treatments have increased the prevalence of long-term survivors. We investigated the risk of late breast cancer recurrence (BCR), 10 years or more after primary diagnosis, and associations between patient and tumor characteristics at primary diagnosis and late BCR up to 32 years after primary breast cancer diagnosis.
METHODS
Using the Danish Breast Cancer Group clinical database, we identified all women with an incident early breast cancer diagnosed during 1987-2004. We restricted to women who survived 10 years without a recurrence or second cancer (10-year disease-free survivors) and followed them from 10 years after breast cancer diagnosis date until late recurrence, death, emigration, second cancer, or December 31, 2018. We calculated incidence rates per 1000 person-years and cumulative incidences for late BCR, stratifying by patient and tumor characteristics. Using Cox regression, we calculated adjusted hazard ratios for late BCR accounting for competing risks.
RESULTS
Among 36 924 women with breast cancer, 20 315 became 10-year disease-free survivors. Of these, 2595 developed late BCR (incidence rate = 15.53 per 1000 person-years, 95% confidence interval = 14.94 to 16.14; cumulative incidence = 16.6%, 95% confidence interval = 15.8% to 17.5%) from year 10 to 32 after primary diagnosis. Tumor size larger than 20 mm, lymph node-positive disease, and estrogen receptor-positive tumors were associated with increased cumulative incidences and hazards for late BCR.
CONCLUSIONS
Recurrences continued to occur up to 32 years after primary diagnosis. Women with high lymph node burden, large tumor size, and estrogen receptor-positive tumors had increased risk of late recurrence. Such patients may warrant extended surveillance, more aggressive treatment, or new therapy approaches.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Disease-Free Survival; Female; Humans; Incidence; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Survivors
PubMed: 34747484
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab202 -
Journal of Hematology & Oncology Nov 2021Cancer will soon become the leading cause of death in every country in the twenty-first century. This study aimed to analyze the mortality and morbidity of 29 types of...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Cancer will soon become the leading cause of death in every country in the twenty-first century. This study aimed to analyze the mortality and morbidity of 29 types of cancer in 204 countries or regions from 1990 to 2019 to guide global cancer prevention and control.
METHODS
Detailed information for 29 cancer groups was collected from the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of the 29 cancer groups were calculated based on sex, age, region, and country. In addition, separate analyses were performed for major cancer types.
RESULTS
In 2019, more than 10 million people died from cancer, which was approximately twice the number in 1990. Tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancers collectively showed the highest death rate, and the ASDR of pancreatic cancer increased by 24%, which was cancer with the highest case fatality rate (CFR). The global cancer ASIR showed an increasing trend, with testicular cancer, thyroid cancer, and malignant skin melanoma showing a significant increase. The ASDR and ASIR of cancer in males were about 1.5 times higher than that in females. Individuals over 50 years had the highest risk of developing cancer, with incidences and deaths in this age group accounting for more than 85% of cancers in all age groups. Asia has the heaviest cancer burden due to its high population density, with esophageal cancer in this region accounting for 53% of the total fatalities related to this type of cancer in the world. In addition, the mortality and morbidity of most cancers increased with the increase in the development or socio-demographic index (SDI) in the SDI regions based on the World Bank's Human Development Index (HDI), with cancer characteristics varying in the different countries globally.
CONCLUSIONS
The global cancer burden continues to increase, with substantial mortality and morbidity differences among the different regions, ages, countries, gender, and cancer types. Effective and locally tailored cancer prevention and control measures are essential in reducing the global cancer burden in the future.
Topics: Age Factors; Female; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Male; Neoplasms; Sex Factors
PubMed: 34809683
DOI: 10.1186/s13045-021-01213-z -
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &... Mar 2021Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, with many cases detected at a late stage when prognosis is poor. New technologies enabling multi-cancer early...
BACKGROUND
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, with many cases detected at a late stage when prognosis is poor. New technologies enabling multi-cancer early detection (MCED) may make "universal cancer screening" possible. We extend single-cancer models to understand the potential public health effects of adding a MCED test to usual care.
METHODS
We obtained data on stage-specific incidence and survival of all invasive cancers diagnosed in persons aged 50-79 between 2006 and 2015 from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, and combined this with published performance of a MCED test in a state transition model (interception model) to predict diagnostic yield, stage shift, and potential mortality reductions. We model long-term (incident) performance, accou.
Topics: Aged; Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Neoplasms; Prognosis
PubMed: 33328254
DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-20-1134 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2022Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) cause a substantial mortality, morbidity and economic burden. The present study reported the global, regional and national burden of...
BACKGROUND
Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) cause a substantial mortality, morbidity and economic burden. The present study reported the global, regional and national burden of LRIs and their attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, between 1990 and 2019, by age, sex, etiology, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI).
METHODS
Using publicly available data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019, we reported the incidence, deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), due to LRIs. Estimates were presented as counts and age-standardized rates per 100,000 population with their associated uncertainty intervals (UIs).
RESULTS
Globally, in 2019 there were 488.9 million (95% UI: 457.6 to 522.6) incident cases and 2.4 million (2.3-2.7) deaths due to LRIs. The global age-standardized incidence and death rates for LRIs were 6,295 (5,887.4-6,737.3) and 34.3 (31.1-37.9) per 100,000 in 2019, which represents a 23.9% (22.5-25.4) and 48.5% (42.9-54.0) decrease, respectively since 1990. In 2019, Guinea [12,390.4 (11,495.5-13,332.8)], Chad [12,208.1 (11,289.3-13,202.5)] and India [11,862.1 (11,087.0-12,749.0)] had the three highest age-standardized incidence rates of LRI. Equatorial Guinea [-52.7% (95% UI: -55.8 to -49.3)], Chile [-50.2% (95% UI: -53.4 to -47.0)] and Albania [-48.6% (95% UI: -51.7 to -45.3)] showed the largest decreases from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, a decrease in the incidence rate of LRI was observed at the global level up to the 25-29 age group, then the incidence rates increased with age. The burden of LRIs decreased with increasing SDI at both the regional and national levels. Globally, child wasting (33.1%), household air pollution from solid fuels (24.9%) and a lack of access to handwashing facilities (14.4%) made the largest contributions to the LRI burden in 2019.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the burden of LRIs decreased over the period 1990-2019, LRIs still contribute to a large number of incident cases, deaths and DALYs. Preventative programs with a focus on reducing exposure to attributable risk factors should be implemented, especially in less developed countries.
Topics: Child; Humans; Risk Factors; Global Burden of Disease; Air Pollution; Incidence; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 36699876
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1028525 -
Annals of Medicine Dec 2022Because trends in the epidemiology and burden of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are changing, reinvestigating the geographical differences and trend changes is...
BACKGROUND
Because trends in the epidemiology and burden of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are changing, reinvestigating the geographical differences and trend changes is essential. Here we evaluated the latest epidemiologic patterns and trends for GERD, using data from Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019.
METHODS
Annual case numbers, age-standardized rates of prevalence, incidence, and years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and their estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) for GERD between 1990 and 2019 were derived from the GBD 2019 study. Association between GERD burden and socio-demographic index (SDI) was also investigated.
RESULTS
In 2019, there were 783.95 million cases of GERD globally. Between 1990 and 2019, the total number of prevalent cases, incident cases, and YLDs increased by 77.53%, 74.79%, and 77.19%, respectively. The global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) and age-standardized YLD rate (ASYR) increased during this period (EAPC = 0.06 and 0.05, respectively). Tropical Latin America and East Asia had the highest and lowest age-standardiZed prevalence rate (ASPR), ASIR, and ASYR in 2019, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, prevalent cases, incident cases, YLDs, and their corresponding age-standardized rates of GERD were higher in females than males in all years. Higher SDI was associated with lower ASPR, ASIR, and ASYR of GERD in 2019.
CONCLUSIONS
GERD will continue to be a major public health burden due to increasing numbers of prevalent cases, incident cases, and YLDs. In order to tackle this troublesome disease, it is crucial to understand the changes in both global and regional trends in epidemiology and the burden for policymakers and other stakeholders. Key messagesThis is the most updated estimate on GERD epidemiology globally, including 204 countries, some of which were not assessed before.The overall burden of GERD continued to worsen with the prevalent cases increasing by 77.53% from 441.57 million in 1990 to 783.95 million in 2019.GERD is likely to remain a common reason for consultation in primary care, and our data may allow for health service provision planning.
Topics: Female; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Global Burden of Disease; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Male; Prevalence; Quality-Adjusted Life Years
PubMed: 35579516
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2074535 -
Cancer Communications (London, England) Nov 2021Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers were responsible for 26.3% of cancer cases and 35.4% of deaths worldwide in 2018. This study aimed to analyze the global incidence,...
BACKGROUND
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers were responsible for 26.3% of cancer cases and 35.4% of deaths worldwide in 2018. This study aimed to analyze the global incidence, mortality, prevalence, and contributing risk factors of the 6 major GI cancer entities [esophageal cancer (EC), gastric cancer (GC), liver cancer (LC), pancreatic cancer (PC), colon cancer, and rectal cancer].
METHODS
Using the Global Cancer Observatory and the Global Health Observatory databases, we reviewed the current GI cancer incidence, prevalence, and mortality, analyzed the association of GI cancer prevalence with national human development indices (HDIs), identified the contributing risk factors, and estimated developing age- and sex-specific trends in incidence and mortality.
RESULTS
In 2020, the trend in age-standardized rate of incidence of GI cancers closely mirrored that of mortality, with the highest rates of LC, EC, and GC in Asia and of colorectal cancer (CRC) and PC mainly in Europe. Incidence and mortality were positively, but the mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) was inversely correlated with the national HDI levels. High MIRs in developing countries likely reflected the lack of preventive strategies and effective treatments. GI cancer prevalence was highest in Europe and was also positively correlated with HDIs and lifestyle-associated risk factors, such as alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, insufficient physical activity, and high blood cholesterol level, but negatively correlated with hypertension and diabetes. Incidences of EC were consistently and those of GC mostly decreasing, whereas incidences of CRC were increasing in most countries/regions, especially in the younger populations. Incidences of LC and PC were also increasing in all age-gender populations except for younger males. Mortalities were decreasing for EC, GC, and CRC in most countries/regions, and age-specific trends were observed in PC and LC with a decrease in the younger but an increase in the older population.
CONCLUSIONS
On the global scale, higher GI cancer burden was accompanied, for the most part, by factors associated with the so-called Western lifestyle reflected by high and very high national HDI levels. In countries/regions with very high HDI levels, patients survived longer, and increasing GI cancer cases were observed with increasing national HDI levels. Optimizing GI cancer prevention and improving therapies, especially for patients with comorbid metabolic diseases, are thus urgently recommended.
Topics: Colonic Neoplasms; Female; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms; Humans; Incidence; Life Style; Male; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34563100
DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12220 -
Biomedical Papers of the Medical... Dec 2017Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of death in developed industrial countries. The global worldwide average of OHCA incidence in adults is... (Review)
Review
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is a leading cause of death in developed industrial countries. The global worldwide average of OHCA incidence in adults is 95.9/100,000/year. European incidences vary according to source from 16 to 119/100,000/year. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of current information on OHCA. The incidences in various populations are discussed, along with the factors affecting the prognosis and outcome of these patients. The etiology and pathophysiological mechanisms are also described, especially in relation to the most common causes - acute and chronic forms of coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies. Measures that could improve survival rates are discussed, with emphasis on the role of the general public and deployment of automatic external defibrillators.
Topics: Defibrillators; Health Education; Humans; Incidence; Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest; Prognosis; Survival Rate
PubMed: 29235577
DOI: 10.5507/bp.2017.054