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Viruses Apr 2020Most revues consider the work on in central Europe [...].
Most revues consider the work on in central Europe [...].
Topics: Insect Control; Insect Viruses; Pest Control, Biological
PubMed: 32290253
DOI: 10.3390/v12040431 -
Viruses Dec 2021Insects are crucial for ecosystem functions and services and directly influence human well-being and health [...].
Insects are crucial for ecosystem functions and services and directly influence human well-being and health [...].
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; Insect Viruses; Insecta
PubMed: 35062206
DOI: 10.3390/v14010002 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020Members of the family are small RNA viruses containing a monopartite positive-sense RNA genome. Dicistroviruses mainly infect arthropods, causing diseases that impact...
Members of the family are small RNA viruses containing a monopartite positive-sense RNA genome. Dicistroviruses mainly infect arthropods, causing diseases that impact agriculture and the economy. In this chapter, we provide an overview of current and past research on dicistroviruses including the viral life cycle, viral translational control mechanisms, virus structure, and the use of dicistrovirus infection in as a model to identify insect antiviral responses. We then delve into how research on dicistrovirus mechanisms has yielded insights into ribosome dynamics, RNA structure/function and insect innate immunity signaling. Finally, we highlight the diseases caused by dicistroviruses, their impacts on agriculture including the shrimp and honey bee industries, and the potential use of dicistroviruses as biopesticides. Although knowledge of the mechanisms underlying dicistrovirus virus-host interactions is limited, the establishment of the first infectious clone should accelerate the discovery of new mechanistic insights into dicistrovirus infections and pathogenesis.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Dicistroviridae; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Control; Insect Viruses; Insecta; Phylogeny; RNA Viruses; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31167957
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.034.083 -
Developmental and Comparative Immunology May 2016Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign... (Review)
Review
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Hematopoiesis; Hemocytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Innate; Insect Proteins; Insect Viruses; Insecta; Phagocytosis; Receptors, Pattern Recognition
PubMed: 26695127
DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020The insect virome is composed of a myriad of viruses. Both field populations and laboratory colonies of insects harbour diverse viruses, including viruses that infect... (Review)
Review
The insect virome is composed of a myriad of viruses. Both field populations and laboratory colonies of insects harbour diverse viruses, including viruses that infect the insect itself, viruses of microbes associated with the insect, and viruses associated with ingested materials. Metagenomics analysis for identification of virus-derived sequences has allowed for new appreciation of the extent and diversity of the insect virome. The complex interactions between insect viruses and host antiviral immune pathways (RNA interference and apoptosis), and between viruses and other members of the microbiome (e.g. ) are becoming apparent. In this chapter, an overview of the diversity of viruses in insects and recent virus discovery research for specific insects and insect-derived cell lines is provided. The opportunities and challenges associated with the insect virome, including the potential impacts of viruses on both research and insect management programs are also addressed.
Topics: Animals; Biodiversity; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Viruses; Insecta; Invertebrates; Metagenomics; Microbiota
PubMed: 31167953
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.034.001 -
Viruses Jul 2023Baculovirology has been studied on the African continent for the development of insect virus-based biopesticides and, to a much lesser extent, vaccine production and... (Review)
Review
Baculovirology has been studied on the African continent for the development of insect virus-based biopesticides and, to a much lesser extent, vaccine production and delivery, since the 1960s. In this review, we focus only on baculoviruses as biopesticides for agricultural pests in Africa. At least 11 species of baculovirus have been discovered or studied on the African continent, some with several distinct isolates, with the objective in most cases being the development of a biopesticide. These include the nucleopolyhedroviruses of , , , , , and , as well as the granuloviruses of , , () , , and . Eleven different baculovirus-based biopesticides are recorded as being registered and commercially available on the African continent. Baculoviruses are recorded to have been isolated, researched, utilised in field trials, and/or commercially deployed as biopesticides in at least 13 different African countries. Baculovirus research is ongoing in Africa, and researchers are confident that further novel species and isolates will be discovered, to the benefit of environmentally responsible agricultural pest management, not only in Africa but also elsewhere.
Topics: Animals; Biological Control Agents; Baculoviridae; Moths; Nucleopolyhedroviruses; Africa; Spodoptera
PubMed: 37515205
DOI: 10.3390/v15071519 -
Virus Genes Apr 2019The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools has spurred a new age of viral discovery. Arthropods is the largest group of animals... (Review)
Review
The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools has spurred a new age of viral discovery. Arthropods is the largest group of animals and has shown to be a major reservoir of different viruses, including a group known as insect-specific viruses (ISVs). The majority of known ISVs have been isolated from mosquitoes and shown to belong to viral families associated with animal arbovirus pathogens, such as Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Phenuiviridae. These insect-specific viruses have a strict tropism and are unable to replicate in vertebrate cells, these properties are interesting for many reasons. One is that these viruses could potentially be utilised as biocontrol agents using a similar strategy as for Wolbachia. Mosquitoes infected with the viral agent could have inferior vectorial capacity of arboviruses resulting in a decrease of circulating arboviruses of public health importance. Moreover, insect-specific viruses are thought to be ancestral to arboviruses and could be used to study the evolution of the switch from single-host to dual-host. In this review, we discuss new discoveries and hypothesis in the field of arboviruses and insect-specific viruses.
Topics: Animals; Arboviruses; Culicidae; Flaviviridae; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Insect Vectors; Insect Viruses; Pest Control, Biological; Species Specificity; Togaviridae; Virus Diseases; Virus Replication
PubMed: 30632016
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-01629-9 -
Viruses Jun 2020At the close of this Special Issue of on the Transmission Dynamics of Insect Viruses, we would like to thank all of the authors for their submissions and the great work...
At the close of this Special Issue of on the Transmission Dynamics of Insect Viruses, we would like to thank all of the authors for their submissions and the great work expanding our knowledge of insect virus biology and transmission [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Insect Vectors; Insect Viruses; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32545842
DOI: 10.3390/v12060644 -
Viruses Aug 2021Viruses are excellent manipulators of host cellular machinery, behavior, and life cycle, with the host cell cytoskeleton being a primordial viral target. Viruses... (Review)
Review
Viruses are excellent manipulators of host cellular machinery, behavior, and life cycle, with the host cell cytoskeleton being a primordial viral target. Viruses infecting insects generally enter host cells through clathrin-mediated endocytosis or membrane fusion mechanisms followed by transport of the viral particles to the corresponding replication sites. After viral replication, the viral progeny egresses toward adjacent cells and reaches the different target tissues. Throughout all these steps, actin and tubulin re-arrangements are driven by viruses. The mechanisms used by viruses to manipulate the insect host cytoskeleton are well documented in the case of alphabaculoviruses infecting Lepidoptera hosts and plant viruses infecting Hemiptera vectors, but they are not well studied in case of other insect-virus systems such as arboviruses-mosquito vectors. Here, we summarize the available knowledge on how viruses manipulate the insect host cell cytoskeleton, and we emphasize the primordial role of cytoskeleton components in insect virus motility and the need to expand the study of this interaction.
Topics: Animals; Cytoskeleton; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Viruses; Insecta
PubMed: 34452522
DOI: 10.3390/v13081658 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020The outcome of virus infection in insects is impacted by regulation of both host and virus gene expression. A class of small RNAs called microRNAs (miRNA) have emerged...
The outcome of virus infection in insects is impacted by regulation of both host and virus gene expression. A class of small RNAs called microRNAs (miRNA) have emerged as important regulators of gene expression that can influence the outcome of virus infection. miRNA regulation occurs at a comparatively late stage of gene expression, allowing for rapid control and fine-tuning of gene expression levels. Here we discuss the biogenesis of miRNAs from both host and virus genomes, the interactions that lead to regulation of gene expression, and the miRNA-mRNA interactions that lead to either antivirus or provirus consequences in the course of virus infection in insects.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Insect Viruses; Insecta; MicroRNAs; RNA Interference; RNA-Induced Silencing Complex; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31167956
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.034.061