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Taehan Yongsang Uihakhoe Chi Sep 2021Ultrasonography is effective for imaging superficial organs, such as the scrotum. Using a high-frequency transducer, ultrasonography can identify the location and... (Review)
Review
Ultrasonography is effective for imaging superficial organs, such as the scrotum. Using a high-frequency transducer, ultrasonography can identify the location and characteristics of scrotal lesions with high accuracy. The primary role of ultrasound (US) in the evaluation of a scrotal mass is to determine if it is intratesticular or extratesticular. Additional clinical information and other imaging options may be needed to diagnose benign tumors and pseudo-tumors. MRI is an effective problem-solving tool in cases with nondiagnostic US findings. CT is helpful for staging testicular cancer and localizing undescended testis. This review covers the imaging features of testicular and extratesticular tumors.
PubMed: 36238386
DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0110 -
Andrology Nov 2021Anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin B are produced by Sertoli cells. Anti-Müllerian hormone secretion indicates an immature Sertoli cell state. Inhibin B serves as a... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Anti-Müllerian hormone and inhibin B are produced by Sertoli cells. Anti-Müllerian hormone secretion indicates an immature Sertoli cell state. Inhibin B serves as a marker of male fertility. Identification of markers reflecting the presence of germ cells is of particular relevance in trans persons undergoing gender-affirming hormone therapy in order to offer individualized fertility preservation methods.
OBJECTIVES
Serum and intratesticular inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone values were assessed and related to clinical features, laboratory values, and germ cell numbers.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-two trans women from three clinics were included. As gender-affirming hormone therapy, 10-12.5 mg of cyproterone acetate plus estrogens were administered. Height, weight, age, medication, and treatment duration were inquired by questionnaires. Serum luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estradiol were measured by immuno-assays. Serum and intratesticular inhibin B and anti-Müllerian hormone were measured by commercially available ELISAs. Spermatogonia were quantified as spermatogonia per cubic millimeter testicular tissue applying a morphometric analysis of two independent testicular cross-sections per individual after MAGEA4 immunostaining.
RESULTS
Patients with high inhibin B levels presented with a higher number of spermatogonia (*p < 0.05). Furthermore, mean serum inhibin B was associated with low age (*p < 0.05), low follicle-stimulating hormone (*p < 0.05), and low testosterone (*p < 0.05). Serum anti-Müllerian hormone, however, was not related to spermatogonial numbers. It correlated with high testosterone (*p < 0.05) and high follicle-stimulating hormone (*p < 0.05) only. High intratesticular inhibin B was accompanied by high luteinizing hormone (*p < 0.05), high follicle-stimulating hormone (**p < 0.01), and high testosterone levels (**p < 0.01). Higher the intratesticular anti-Müllerian hormone levels, the longer gender-affirming hormone therapy was administered (*p < 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
Serum inhibin B levels indicate the presence of spermatogonia, whereas anti-Müllerian hormone seems not to be a reliable marker concerning germ cell abundance.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Mullerian Hormone; Biomarkers; Estradiol; Female; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Humans; Inhibins; Luteinizing Hormone; Male; Preoperative Period; Sertoli Cells; Sex Reassignment Surgery; Spermatogonia; Testis; Testosterone; Transsexualism
PubMed: 34085780
DOI: 10.1111/andr.13059 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2018Spermatogenesis is a concerted sequence of events during maturation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa. The process involves differential gene-expression and cell-cell... (Review)
Review
Spermatogenesis is a concerted sequence of events during maturation of spermatogonia into spermatozoa. The process involves differential gene-expression and cell-cell interplay regulated by the key endocrine stimuli, i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)-stimulated testosterone. FSH affects independently and in concert with testosterone, the proliferation, maturation and function of the supporting Sertoli cells that produce regulatory signals and nutrients for the maintenance of developing germ cells. Rodents are able to complete spermatogenesis without FSH stimulus, but its deficiency significantly decreases sperm quantity. Men carrying loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the ligand () or its receptor ( present, respectively, with azoospermia or suppressed spermatogenesis. Recently, the importance of high intratesticular testosterone concentration for spermatogenesis has been questioned. It was established that it can be completed at minimal intratesticular concentration of the hormone. Furthermore, we recently demonstrated that very robust constitutive FSHR action can rescue spermatogenesis and fertility of mice even when the testosterone stimulus is completely blocked. The clinical relevance of these findings concerns a new strategy of high-dose FSH in treatment of spermatogenic failure.
PubMed: 30619093
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00763 -
Journal of the Endocrine Society Feb 2020Although the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in cholesterol transport in steroid-synthesizing cells has been studied extensively, recent studies of TSPO genetic...
Although the role of translocator protein (TSPO) in cholesterol transport in steroid-synthesizing cells has been studied extensively, recent studies of TSPO genetic depletion have questioned its role. -Cre mice have been used to generate Leydig cell-specific conditional knockout (cKO) mice. Using the same Cre line, we were unable to generate cKO mice possibly because of genetic linkage between and and coexpression of -Cre and in early embryonic development. We found that -Cre is expressed during preimplantation stages, resulting in global heterozygous mice (gHE; -Cre, ). Two gHE mice were crossed, generating -Cre-mediated global knockout (gKO; ) mice. We found that 33.3% of blastocysts at E3.5 to E4.5 showed normal morphology, whereas 66.7% showed delayed development, which correlates with the expected Mendelian proportions of (25%), (25%), and (50%) genotypes from crossing 2 mice. Adult gKO mice exhibited disturbances in neutral lipid homeostasis and reduced intratesticular and circulating testosterone levels, but no change in circulating basal corticosterone levels. RNA-sequencing data from mouse adrenal glands and lungs revealed transcriptome changes in response to the loss of TSPO, including changes in several cholesterol-binding and transfer proteins. This study demonstrates that -Cre can be used to produce gKO mice instead of cKO, and can serve as a new global "Cre deleter." Moreover, our results show that deletion causes delayed preimplantation embryonic development, alters neutral lipid storage and steroidogenesis, and leads to transcriptome changes that may reflect compensatory mechanisms in response to the loss of function of TSPO.
PubMed: 32099945
DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvaa001 -
Turkish Journal of Urology Dec 2017Since calcified nodule of the testis is seen very rarely, its etiology and diagnostic approach are not fully known. There have been a few cases reported in the...
Since calcified nodule of the testis is seen very rarely, its etiology and diagnostic approach are not fully known. There have been a few cases reported in the literature. The objective of this study was to review the literature and report the case of a 30-year-old patient, who applied to our clinic due to a suspicious stiffness in his testis and underwent partial orchiectomy.
PubMed: 29201527
DOI: 10.5152/tud.2017.94580 -
Journal of the Korean Society of... Jul 2022Sonography with a high-frequency transducer is the modality of choice for imaging the scrotum. Most intratesticular lesions are hypoechoic. Differentiation of... (Review)
Review
Sonography with a high-frequency transducer is the modality of choice for imaging the scrotum. Most intratesticular lesions are hypoechoic. Differentiation of intratesticular hypoechoic lesions as either malignant or benign is important because the treatment of these lesions vary. In this paper, we review the sonographic features of different types of intratesticular hypoechoic lesions, such as testicular cysts, testicular tumors, testicular inflammatory lesions, segmental testicular infarction, and testicular trauma.
PubMed: 36238913
DOI: 10.3348/jksr.2021.0100 -
Insights Into Imaging Apr 2018The aim of this article is to describe the role of second-level imaging techniques after an initial ultrasonography evaluation in the assessment of scrotal diseases.... (Review)
Review
UNLABELLED
The aim of this article is to describe the role of second-level imaging techniques after an initial ultrasonography evaluation in the assessment of scrotal diseases. While ultrasonography remains central as the primary imaging modality for the evaluation of pathologic conditions of the scrotum, the role of magnetic resonance imaging continues to evolve: it can actually be valuable as a problem-solving tool when sonographic findings are equivocal or inconclusive. Magnetic resonance imaging of the scrotum may provide accurate detection and characterization of scrotal diseases, well depicting the precise location of scrotal masses (intratesticular or extratesticular) and reliably characterizing benign conditions simulating neoplastic processes, thus preventing unnecessary radical surgery. Advanced magnetic resonance techniques, most of all diffusion weighted imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, play in the meanwhile a more significant role in evaluating scrotal diseases.
TEACHING POINTS
• Multiparametric ultrasonography usually represents the initial imaging modality for approaching scrotal diseases. • MRI is well established as a problem-solving tool for inconclusive sonographic findings. • Advanced MRI techniques can be successfully applied in scrotal pathology assessment. • MRI is valuable in differentiating benign conditions from neoplastic processes. • CT plays a role in trauma assessment and cancer staging alongside PET/CT.
PubMed: 29450854
DOI: 10.1007/s13244-017-0592-z -
The World Journal of Men's Health Apr 2013Intratesticular cysts, once thought to be a rarity, are now being reported with an increasing prevalence as a result of the wider use of scrotal ultrasound scanning....
Intratesticular cysts, once thought to be a rarity, are now being reported with an increasing prevalence as a result of the wider use of scrotal ultrasound scanning. Despite greater understanding of intratesticular cysts, their management remains unclear. Treatment has included enucleation and even radical orchiectomy over fear of the possibility of an associated malignancy. A more conservative approach with serial ultrasound scanning has been advocated if a clear distinction can be made between neoplastic and non-neoplastic testicular cysts. However, in view of the benign nature of such cysts, even repeated ultrasound scanning may not be necessary and may be considered over-treatment. In this study we present clinical and morphological characteristics of multiple cysts in the right testicle in a 62-year-old patient, where a slightly nodular lesion in the right testicle was detected.
PubMed: 23658871
DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.2013.31.1.79 -
Nigerian Journal of Surgery : Official... Jul 2012We report case of a 28-year-old male who had extratesticular varicocele which was associated with intratesticular varicocele. The patient was referred to our department...
We report case of a 28-year-old male who had extratesticular varicocele which was associated with intratesticular varicocele. The patient was referred to our department with pain in scrotal region. Routine scrotal sonography revealed extratesticular varicocele which was confirmed by color Doppler. It was associated with intratesticular varicocele. Intratesticular varicocele is a rare condition with a variable sonographic appearance. Color Doppler sonography is helpful in confirming the diagnosis. Detection of intratesticular component is essential in the management of varicoceles.
PubMed: 24027402
DOI: 10.4103/1117-6806.103115 -
International Journal of Surgery Case... Jul 2022• Intra-testicular localization of rhabdomyosarcoma remains exceptional and few cases have been reported in the literature. • Anatomopathological examination is the...
• Intra-testicular localization of rhabdomyosarcoma remains exceptional and few cases have been reported in the literature. • Anatomopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis and for confirming the intratesticular origin. • Radical inguinal orchiectomy followed by chemotherapy is the treatment of choice.
PubMed: 35793590
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107340