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Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Higieny 2016This review summarizes current data on resistance among Salmonella spp. isolates of food origin from countries in different regions of the world. The mechanisms of... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes current data on resistance among Salmonella spp. isolates of food origin from countries in different regions of the world. The mechanisms of resistance to different groups of antimicrobial compounds are also considered. Among strains resistant to quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones the most prevalent mechanism is amino acid substitutions in quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of genes gyrA, parC but mechanism of growing importance is plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) associated with genes qnrA, qnrB, qnrC, qnrD, qnrS but frequency of their detection is different. Resistance to sulfonamides is mostly associated with genes sul1 and sul2, while resistance to trimethoprim is associated with various variants of dhfr ( dfr) genes. Taking into account Salmonella spp. strains isolated from food, resistance to β-lactams is commonly associated with β-lactamases encoding by blaTEM genes. However strains ESBL and AmpC – positive are also detected. Resistance to aminoglicosides is commonly result of enzymatic inactivation. Three types of aminoglycoside modifying enzyme are: acetyltransferases (AAC), adenyltransferases (ANT) and phosphotransferases (APH). Resistance to tetracyclines among Salmonella spp. isolated from food is most commonly associated with active efflux. Among numerous genetic determinants encoding efflux pumps tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetE and tetG are reported predominatingly. One of the most common mechanisms of resistance against chloramphenicol is its inactivation by chloramphenicol acetyltrasferases (CATs), but resistance to this compound can be also mediated by chloramphenicol efflux pumps encoded by the genes cmlA and floR. It is important to monitor resistance of Salmonella isolated from food, because the globalization of trade, leading to the long-distance
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Salmonella
PubMed: 27922740
DOI: No ID Found -
Pharmaceutical Biology Dec 2021species are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites known especially for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
CONTEXT
species are prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites known especially for their antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
OBJECTIVE
This study sought to isolate and characterize antioxidant molecules biosynthesized by sp. KTM18. The antioxidant potential of an isolated compound and its toxicity were accessed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The compound was purified using bioassay-guided chromatography techniques. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments were carried out for structure elucidation. The antioxidant potential of the isolated compound was determined using DPPH free radical scavenging assay. The toxicity of the isolated compound was measured using a brine shrimp lethality (BSL) assay.
RESULTS
Ethyl acetate extract of sp. KTM18 showed more than 90% inhibition of DPPH free radical at 50 µg/mL of the test concentration. These data were the strongest among 13 isolates (KTM12-KTM24). The active molecule was isolated and characterized as maculosin (molecular formula, CHNO as determined by the [M + H] peak at 261.1259). The DPPH free radical scavenging activity of pure maculosin was higher (IC, 2.16 ± 0.05 µg/mL) than that of commercial butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) (IC, 4.8 ± 0.05 µg/mL). No toxicity was observed for maculosin (LD, <128 µg/mL) in brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA) up to the compound's antioxidant activity (IC) concentration range. The commercial standard, berberine chloride, showed toxicity in BSLA with an LD value of 8.63 ± 0.15 µg/mL.
CONCLUSIONS
Maculosin may be a leading drug candidate in various cosmetic and therapeutic applications owing to its strong antioxidant and non-toxic properties.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Artemia; Biphenyl Compounds; Free Radical Scavengers; Inhibitory Concentration 50; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Peptides, Cyclic; Picrates; Piperazines; Secondary Metabolism; Streptomyces; Toxicity Tests
PubMed: 34236286
DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1946091 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2016The present paper aims at reviewing and commenting on the analytical methods applied to antioxidant and antioxidant capacity assessment in plant-derived products.... (Review)
Review
The present paper aims at reviewing and commenting on the analytical methods applied to antioxidant and antioxidant capacity assessment in plant-derived products. Aspects related to oxidative stress, reactive oxidative species' influence on key biomolecules, and antioxidant benefits and modalities of action are discussed. Also, the oxidant-antioxidant balance is critically discussed. The conventional and nonconventional extraction procedures applied prior to analysis are also presented, as the extraction step is of pivotal importance for isolation and concentration of the compound(s) of interest before analysis. Then, the chromatographic, spectrometric, and electrochemical methods for antioxidant and antioxidant capacity determination in plant-derived products are detailed with respect to their principles, characteristics, and specific applications. Peculiarities related to the matrix characteristics and other factors influencing the method's performances are discussed. Health benefits of plants and derived products are described, as indicated in the original source. Finally, critical and conclusive aspects are given when it comes to the choice of a particular extraction procedure and detection method, which should consider the nature of the sample, prevalent antioxidant/antioxidant class, and the mechanism underlying each technique. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed for each method.
Topics: Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; Antioxidants; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Plants
PubMed: 28044094
DOI: 10.1155/2016/9130976 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2020Phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is gaining interest in industries such as functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.... (Review)
Review
Phytochemical research based on ethnopharmacology is gaining interest in industries such as functional food, nutraceuticals, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. Plants and plant extracts are a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. These compounds are often involved in plant protection against biotic or abiotic stresses. The exploitation of available technologies should be oriented and intensified to extend and enhance the continued usefulness of the plants as renewable sources of chemicals, especially medicinal compounds. This current contribution is focused on extraction and analytical techniques for their isolation from the oregano species, their characterization and their potential antioxidative, as well as their antimicrobial, antifungal and anticarcinogenic properties. The work is structured rendering to the different steps involved in the research; starting with extraction and sample preparation, followed by discussing the analytical techniques employed for the isolation and identification of compound/s responsible for the biological activity and methods and techniques for biological activity assessment.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Cosmetics; Humans; Origanum; Phenols; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 33076426
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204735 -
BMC Complementary and Alternative... Nov 2015Combretum zeyheri, belongs to the family Combretaceae and is one of the most popular herbal plants in tropical and subtropical countries. The leaves of Combretum zeyheri...
BACKGROUND
Combretum zeyheri, belongs to the family Combretaceae and is one of the most popular herbal plants in tropical and subtropical countries. The leaves of Combretum zeyheri have been used as herbal medicine and have been reported to have pharmacological activity which includes anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anticancer and antioxidant properties. The goal of this study was to isolate, identify and characterize compounds from C. zeyheri leaves which are responsible for its antifungal activity.
METHODS
The preliminary isolation of C. zeyheri active compounds was carried out using chromatographic techniques which include sephadex gel column chromatography, silica gel column chromatography and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compounds were then investigated for their antifungal activity using broth dilution assay. The combined effect of the most potent compound and an antifungal drug miconazole was investigated using the checkerboard assay. Time-kill assays were conducted for the combinations using the colony counting method. The mechanism of action of 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone as a potent antifungal agent was investigated by determining its inhibitory activity on Candida albicans drug efflux pumps using the ciprofloxacin assay. The ability of 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone to inhibit antioxidant enzymes as well as the biosynthesis of ergosterol were also investigated.
RESULTS
A total of four pure compounds (A-D) were isolated from C. zeyheri leaf extract. Compound B (5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone) was found to be active against Candida albicans using broth dilution method. This compound was also found to have synergistic activity on growth of C. albicans when combined with miconazole, completely inhibiting growth after only 4 hrs of incubation. Analysis of ergosterol content from Candida albicans showed a time-dependent decrease to 91 % and 63 % at 16 and 24 hrs respectively, in cells treated with ½ MIC of 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone. The compound 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone also showed inhibition of both the drug efflux pumps (with IC50 = 51.64 μg/ml) and the antioxidant enzymes (at 5 μM).
CONCLUSION
The compound 5-hydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyflavone may be partly responsible for the reported antifungal activity of C. zeyheri, and may serve as a potential source of lead compounds that can be developed as antifungal phytomedicines.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Antioxidants; Apigenin; Candida albicans; Chromatography, Thin Layer; Combretum; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves
PubMed: 26573005
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0934-7 -
Polish Journal of Microbiology 2020Yeasts, commonly present on the surface of fruits, are of industrial interest for the production of enzymes, flavorings, and bioactive compounds, and have many other...
Yeasts, commonly present on the surface of fruits, are of industrial interest for the production of enzymes, flavorings, and bioactive compounds, and have many other scientific uses. The Amazonian rainforest may be a good source of new species or strains of yeasts, but their presence on Amazonian fruits is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize yeasts isolated from Amazonian native fruits using molecular and phenotypic methods. In total, 81 yeast isolates were obtained from 10 fruits species. Rep-PCR showed 29 strain profiles. Using a combination of restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 5.8S-ITS region and D1/D2 sequencing of the 26S rRNA gene, 16 species were identified belonging to genera , and The most dominant species were , and and showed the highest number of the strain profiles. Phenotypic profiles were variable between species, and even among strains. Screening for hydrolases showed lipolytic activity in only one isolate, while proteolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic capabilities were not detected. Yeast presence among fruits varied, with cidra () and ungurahui () having the highest number of species associated. This investigation broadens the understanding and possible biotechnological uses of yeast strains obtained from Amazonian native fruits. Yeasts, commonly present on the surface of fruits, are of industrial interest for the production of enzymes, flavorings, and bioactive compounds, and have many other scientific uses. The Amazonian rainforest may be a good source of new species or strains of yeasts, but their presence on Amazonian fruits is unknown. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize yeasts isolated from Amazonian native fruits using molecular and phenotypic methods. In total, 81 yeast isolates were obtained from 10 fruits species. Rep-PCR showed 29 strain profiles. Using a combination of restriction-fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 5.8S-ITS region and D1/D2 sequencing of the 26S rRNA gene, 16 species were identified belonging to genera , and The most dominant species were , and and showed the highest number of the strain profiles. Phenotypic profiles were variable between species, and even among strains. Screening for hydrolases showed lipolytic activity in only one isolate, while proteolytic, cellulolytic and amylolytic capabilities were not detected. Yeast presence among fruits varied, with cidra () and ungurahui () having the highest number of species associated. This investigation broadens the understanding and possible biotechnological uses of yeast strains obtained from Amazonian native fruits.
Topics: Brazil; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Intergenic; Fruit; Industrial Microbiology; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; RNA, Ribosomal; Yeasts
PubMed: 32735105
DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2020-027 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2020Flavonoids are considered one of the most diverse phenolic compounds possessing several valuable health benefits. The present study aimed at gathering all correlated... (Review)
Review
Flavonoids are considered one of the most diverse phenolic compounds possessing several valuable health benefits. The present study aimed at gathering all correlated reports, in which Sephadex LH-20 (SLH) has been utilized as the final step to isolate or purify of flavonoid derivatives among all plant families. Overall, 189 flavonoids have been documented, while the majority were identified from the Asteraceae, Moraceae, and Poaceae families. Application of SLH has led to isolate 79 flavonols, 63 flavones, and 18 flavanones. Homoisoflavanoids, and proanthocyanidins have only been isolated from the Asparagaceae and Lauraceae families, respectively, while the Asteraceae was the richest in flavones possessing 22 derivatives. Six flavones, four flavonols, three homoisoflavonoids, one flavanone, a flavanol, and an isoflavanol have been isolated as the new secondary metabolites. This technique has been able to isolate quercetin from 19 plant species, along with its 31 derivatives. Pure methanol and in combination with water, chloroform, and dichloromethane have generally been used as eluents. This comprehensive review provides significant information regarding to remarkably use of SLH in isolation and purification of flavonoids from all the plant families; thus, it might be considered an appreciable guideline for further phytochemical investigation of these compounds.
Topics: Chromatography, Gel; Dextrans; Flavanones; Flavones; Flavonoids; Flavonols; Humans; Molecular Structure; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 32927822
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184146 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... May 2010Recent progress in glycobiology reveals that sugar-chains play a crucial role in cell-cell recognition among immunity, inflammation, and malignant tumor in the living... (Review)
Review
Recent progress in glycobiology reveals that sugar-chains play a crucial role in cell-cell recognition among immunity, inflammation, and malignant tumor in the living body. To study the mechanism of action requires a sample of sufficient quantity. However, isolating a sugar chain and a glycoside in pure form, difficulty follows sugar chain composition again, and studies have been limited to a few sugar chains. Glycosides are a group of compounds known to be the active principle of a natural drug. We have isolated triterpene glycosides from a Leguminosae plant, which improved liver disorder, and steroid glycosides from a plant of the Solanaceous with cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines. A biological activity test suggested an important role of the aglycone part and the sugar chain part of those glycosides. Although many studies of sugar chains of glycoprotein and glycolipid are known, there are few examples of studies of the sugar chain function of a glycoside of a natural drug, and the role of a sugar chain of a glycoside for its pharmacologic action expression is unknown. Therefore, as a biological tool investigating the function of a sugar chain of a natural glycoside, we have begun to synthesize a useful "glycoside" which can be utilized as a lead compound having activity.
Topics: Carbohydrate Conformation; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Fabaceae; Glycosides; HCT116 Cells; Humans; Liver Diseases; Solanaceae; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 20460864
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.679 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health 2019The present study was focused on the characterization and in silico analysis of antibacterial compound derived from marine actinobacteria isolated from the sediments of...
OBJECTIVE
The present study was focused on the characterization and in silico analysis of antibacterial compound derived from marine actinobacteria isolated from the sediments of salterns of Ongole, Andhra Pradesh, India.
METHODS
The sediment sample was serially diluted and marine actinobacteria were isolated in actinomycetes isolation agar. A total of 9 colonies were recovered and among them, 5 morphologically distinct isolates were selected for further processing. The antibacterial activity of these five isolates was tested against 4 clinical isolates collected from Narayani Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu.
RESULTS
The isolate SJP4 showed inhibitory activity against all the test pathogens viz., Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus. The structure of the compounds extracted from SJP4 was identified as 8-diaza-2,9-dibenzoyl-5,6-diphenyl-2,8-decadienedioic acid diethyl ester and [1,2,4]triazol-1-ylethanone through GCMS analysis. Molecular docking studies was done using Autodock software. These two compounds were docked into the binding site of DNA gyrase and found to have binding energy of -6.55(Kcal/mol) and -4.86(Kcal/mol) respectively. The potential actinobacteria isolate was identified as Nocardiopsis dassonvillei SJPB4 strain (Accession no. MG434671) using 16s rRNA sequencing.
CONCLUSION
We are concluding that as the compounds were successfully docked on to the active site of DNA gyrase.
Topics: Actinobacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacillus cereus; Bacteria; Binding Sites; DNA Gyrase; Escherichia coli; Geologic Sediments; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Molecular Docking Simulation; Phylogeny; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 30270149
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.09.005 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2021Numerous therapeutic compounds have been isolated from naturally abundant organic resources, which may offer economical and sustainable sources of compounds with safe...
Numerous therapeutic compounds have been isolated from naturally abundant organic resources, which may offer economical and sustainable sources of compounds with safe and efficacious biological activities. In the cosmetics industry, natural compounds with anti-aging activities are eagerly sought. Thus, we prepared various extracts from Rubus fraxinifolius leaves and used enzyme inhibition assays to isolate compounds with protective effects against skin aging. Two triterpenoids were isolated from Rubus fraxinifolius Poir. leaves. The structures were characterized by spectroscopic analyses (LC-ESI-MS, 1D/2D NMR) and comparison to reported data. Compound 1 and 2 were determined as 2,3-O-ethyleneglycol, 19-hydroxyurs-12-en-23,28-dioic acid and 2,3-O-propanediol,19-hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid. Methanol extract and isolates were assessed for their inhibitory effects on elastase and tyrosinase. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited elastase with IC 122.199 µg/mL and 98.22 µg/mL, and also inhibited tyrosinase with IC 207.79 µg/mL and 221.51 µg/mL, respectively. The molecular docking proved that both compounds have affinities toward the enzymes.
Topics: Binding Sites; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Molecular Structure; Monophenol Monooxygenase; Pancreatic Elastase; Plant Leaves; Rubus; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; Triterpenes
PubMed: 34650166
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99970-x