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Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jan 2018
Topics: Aged; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Isospora; Isosporiasis; Male; Paraproteinemias
PubMed: 28712665
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.009 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1997Protozoan parasites were the most frequently identified etiologic agents in waterborne disease outbreak from 1991 to 1994. The waterborne parasites Giardia lamblia,... (Review)
Review
Protozoan parasites were the most frequently identified etiologic agents in waterborne disease outbreak from 1991 to 1994. The waterborne parasites Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium parvum, Cyclospora cayetanesis, Isospora belli, and the microsporidia are reviewed. For each parasite, the review includes history, life cycle, incidence, symptoms, and therapy. Clinical detection methods are compared, and emerging technologies are discussed. Information on the association of these parasites with waterborne outbreaks is reviewed. Current information on protozoan parasites identified as etiological agents in waterborne outbreaks is discussed. Water industry issues related to recent disease outbreaks are examined in the context of water quality testing regulations for G. lamblia and those proposed for C. parvum. The review identifies the limitations of the American Society of Testing and Materials water-testing method for these parasites. An overview of federal regulations affecting the water industry and laboratories that test for water quality is also provided. The article highlights the importance of the clinical laboratory as a frontline defense for the detection of infectious organisms. The review points to the need for clinical laboratories, physicians, and public health personnel to cooperatively plan and assess the challenge of meeting this potential public health threat.
Topics: Acanthamoeba; Amebiasis; Amebicides; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antifungal Agents; Antiprotozoal Agents; Antitrichomonal Agents; Coccidiosis; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium parvum; Eimeriida; Entamoeba histolytica; Entamoebiasis; Giardia lamblia; Giardiasis; Humans; Isospora; Microsporida; Microsporidiosis; Naegleria fowleri; Protozoan Infections; Water Microbiology; Water Supply
PubMed: 8993859
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.10.1.67 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Oct 2004This report describes a case of granulomatous endometritis caused by coccidiosis in an immunologically uncompromised 63 year old patient. The glandular epithelium of the...
This report describes a case of granulomatous endometritis caused by coccidiosis in an immunologically uncompromised 63 year old patient. The glandular epithelium of the endometrium contained numerous intracytoplasmic cysts, corresponding to periodic acid Schiff positive and methenamine silver negative sporoblasts. The endometrial glands revealed reactive phenomena, such as eosinophilic and squamous glandular metaplasia and intraluminal desquamation. Non-necrotising epithelioid granulomata, lacking the presence of parasites, were present in the stroma. Although not detected in the stool examination, the organisms were probably Isospora belli. There was no evidence of other foci of the disease. Coccidiosis should be differentiated from the more commonly occurring coccidiomycosis.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Endometritis; Female; Humans; Isospora; Isosporiasis; Middle Aged
PubMed: 15452171
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.018283 -
Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology 2009Since the advent of human immunodeficiency virus infection, with its profound and progressive effect on the cellular immune system, a group of human opportunistic... (Review)
Review
Since the advent of human immunodeficiency virus infection, with its profound and progressive effect on the cellular immune system, a group of human opportunistic pathogens has come into prominence. Opportunistic parasitic infection can cause severe morbidity and mortality. Because many of these infections are treatable, an early and accurate diagnosis is important. This can be accomplished by a variety of methods such as direct demonstration of parasites and by serological tests to detect antigen and/or specific antibodies. However, antibody response may be poor in these patients and therefore immunodiagnostic tests have to be interpreted with caution. Cryptosporidium parvum, Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Microsporidia, Entamoeba histolytica and Strongyloides stercoralis are the commonly detected parasites. Detection of these parasites will help in proper management of these patients because drugs are available for most of these parasitic infections.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Animals; Diarrhea; Eukaryota; Helminths; Humans; Parasitic Diseases
PubMed: 19584497
DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.53199 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2021Blastocystis hominis and Cystoisospora belli are considered to be common opportunistic intestinal protozoa in HIV/AIDS patients. In order to investigate the prevalence...
Blastocystis hominis and Cystoisospora belli are considered to be common opportunistic intestinal protozoa in HIV/AIDS patients. In order to investigate the prevalence and genetic characteristics of B. hominis and C. belli in HIV/AIDS patients, a total of 285 faecal samples were individually collected from HIV/AIDS patients in Guangxi, China. B. hominis and C. belli were investigated by amplifying the barcode region of the SSU rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) region of the rRNA gene, respectively. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were conducted to assess the risk factors related to B. hominis and C. belli infection. The prevalence of B. hominis and C. belli was 6.0% (17/285) and 1.1% (3/285) respectively. Four genotypes of B. hominis were detected, with ST3 (n = 8) and ST1 (n = 6) being predominant, followed by ST6 (n = 2) and ST7 (n = 1). Females had a statistically higher prevalence of B. hominis (11.6%) than males (4.2%). The statistical analysis also showed that the prevalence of B. hominis was significantly associated with age group and educational level. Our study provides convincing evidence for the genetic diversity of B. hominis, which indicates its potential zoonotic transmission and is the first report on the molecular characteristics of C. belli in HIV/AIDS patients in China.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Adult; Blastocystis; Blastocystis Infections; Blastocystis hominis; China; DNA, Protozoan; Feces; Female; Genetic Variation; Genotype; HIV-1; Humans; Isospora; Isosporiasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Risk Factors
PubMed: 34354101
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94962-3 -
Veterinary World Apr 2019The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases increases annually, and Indonesia has become the country with the fastest HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome... (Review)
Review
The number of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cases increases annually, and Indonesia has become the country with the fastest HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) epidemic spread among the five Southeast Asian countries. Indonesia entered the critical phase of HIV/AIDS infections after 5 out of the 33 provinces, namely, Papua, Jakarta, Bali, West Java, and East Java, reported HIV/AIDS epidemic since 2004. In AIDS pathophysiology and immune-suppression are severe, thus, opportunistic intestinal parasitic infections that cause diarrhea in HIV infection may be fatal. Several studies have suggested that , , and are the most common intestinal protozoan parasites categorized as AIDS associated illness. Diarrhea caused by parasites is considerably suspected in the cases of chronic and persistent diarrhea in adults, in an era of increasing HIV/AIDS cases nowadays. The present review highlights the current advances in etiologic agents of HIV/AIDS opportunistic infections among countries, epidemiology and prevalence, lifecycle, risk factors, examination methods, and treatment.
PubMed: 32546916
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.716-725 -
AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses Jan 2013Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has altered both the epidemiology and outcome of enteric opportunistic parasitic infections. This study was done to...
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has altered both the epidemiology and outcome of enteric opportunistic parasitic infections. This study was done to determine the prevalence and species/genotypes of intestinal coccidian and microsporidial infections among HIV/AIDS patients with diarrhea and/or a history of diarrhea alternately with an asymptomatic interval, and their association with CD4 T cell count. This cross-sectional study was done from May 2010 to May 2011 in Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, South of Iran. A blood sample was obtained from HIV-positive patients for a CD4 T cell count upon enrollment. Sociodemographic data and a history of diarrhea were collected by interviewing 356 consecutive participants (273 males and 83 females). Whenever possible more than a fecal sample was collected from all the participants and examined for parasites using direct, physiological saline solution ethyl acetate, an acid-fast trichrome stain, nested polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing techniques for the detection, confirmation, and genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp., Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belli, and intestinal microsporidia (Enterocytozoon bieneusi). The most common opportunistic and nonopportunistic pathogens were Cryptosporidium spp. (C. parvum and C. andersoni), E. bieneusi, Giardia lamblia, Sarcocystis spp., and Blastocystis homonis affecting 34, 8, 23, 1, and 14 patients, respectively. C. cayetanensis, I. belli, Enterobius vermicularis, and Hymenolepis nana were observed in few patients. A CD4 count <200 cells/μl was significantly associated with the presence of opportunistic parasites and diarrhea (p<0.05). Opportunistic intestinal parasites should be suspected in any HIV/AIDS patient with chronic diarrhea. Tropical epidemic nonopportunistic enteric parasitic infections among such patients should not be neglected in Iran.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Adolescent; Adult; Aged; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Child; Coccidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Cyclospora; Diarrhea; Enterocytozoon; Feces; Female; Genotype; Giardia lamblia; Humans; Iran; Isospora; Male; Microsporidiosis; Middle Aged; Sarcocystis; Young Adult
PubMed: 22873400
DOI: 10.1089/AID.2012.0119 -
HIV Medicine Mar 2007To determine the incidence of Isospora belli infection in HIV-infected patients in France, and to study risk factors.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the incidence of Isospora belli infection in HIV-infected patients in France, and to study risk factors.
METHODS
The French Hospital Database on HIV (FHDH) is a prospective cohort study that collects demographic, clinical and therapeutic data on patients managed in 62 hospitals. We reviewed all cases of I. belli infection recorded between 1992 and 2003. We compared the incidence in 1992-1994 [before the use of dual therapy and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)] and in 1997-2003 (when use of cART was widespread), after stratification for CD4 cell count (< 50, 50-99, 100-199 and > 200 cells/microL).
RESULTS
A total of 164 patients had I. belli infection either at enrollment (n=71) or during follow up (n=93). During the study period, I. belli infection tended to occur less frequently during follow up, and to be diagnosed mainly at database enrollment. The incidence of I. belli infection during follow up fell by 79% [relative hazard (RH) 0.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.13-0.33] in the cART period compared with the pre-cART period; no such change was noted among patients with CD4 cell counts below 50 cells/microL. In multivariable analysis, the risk of I. belli infection was significantly higher among patients from sub-Saharan Africa (RH 4.3; 95% CI 2.6-7.3). After adjustment for CD4 cell count, patients receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis were found to be at a lower risk of I. belli infection (RH 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.6).
CONCLUSIONS
In France, I. belli infection among HIV-infected patients is now mainly seen in patients from sub-Saharan Africa, who present at an advanced stage.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Adult; Africa South of the Sahara; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Retroviral Agents; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Databases, Factual; Drug Therapy, Combination; Female; France; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Incidence; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Isosporiasis; Male; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 17352769
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00441.x -
Journal of Parasitic Diseases :... Sep 2019From among intestinal parasites, coccidian intestinal parasites such as (previously known as ), and are well-known as opportunist parasites, particularly in patients...
From among intestinal parasites, coccidian intestinal parasites such as (previously known as ), and are well-known as opportunist parasites, particularly in patients with cancer. This study assessed the prevalence of and in patients with cancer in Lorestan Province, Southwest of Iran. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 87 patients with colorectal cancers, referred to the general hospitals of Lorestan from October 2017 to August 2018. A fresh stool specimen was collected from each subject in a sterile labeled container. The collected stool samples were concentrated through sucrose flotation method and then prepared for Ziehl-Neelsen staining for microscopic examination. Demographic and possible risk factors such as age, sex, education, residence, and unwashed vegetable/fruit consumption were collected by an applied questionnaire. Out of the 87 patients with colorectal cancer, eight (9.2%) were found positive for and infections, with five (5.74%) and three (3.44%) patients positive for and infections, respectively. Results also showed that sex and unwashed vegetable/fruit consumption were significantly associated with the prevalence of these parasites ( < 0.01). The findings revealed the considerable prevalence of and in patients with colorectal cancers. It is therefore essential for gastrointestinal specialists to pay special attention to the prevalence of coccidian parasites in patients with colorectal cancer.
PubMed: 31406405
DOI: 10.1007/s12639-019-01104-8