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Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Jan 2018
Topics: Aged; Diarrhea; Feces; Humans; Isospora; Isosporiasis; Male; Paraproteinemias
PubMed: 28712665
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.07.009 -
Sao Paulo Medical Journal = Revista... Nov 1999To report on the importance of intestinal parasites in patients with AIDS, showing relevant data in the medical literature, with special emphasis on epidemiology,... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To report on the importance of intestinal parasites in patients with AIDS, showing relevant data in the medical literature, with special emphasis on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of enteroparasitosis, especially cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, microsporidiasis and strongyloidiasis.
DESIGN
Narrative review.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Amebiasis; Animals; Coccidiosis; Cryptosporidiosis; Giardiasis; Humans; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Isospora; Male; Prevalence; Strongyloidiasis
PubMed: 10625890
DOI: 10.1590/s1516-31801999000600007 -
Journal of the Association of Medical... Dec 2020Historically, patients with HIV have been at the highest risk of infection with opportunistic protozoans such as and . Among patients with HIV who are compliant with...
BACKGROUND
Historically, patients with HIV have been at the highest risk of infection with opportunistic protozoans such as and . Among patients with HIV who are compliant with antiretroviral therapy, the likelihood of acquiring an opportunistic infection is low. The risk of infection is harder to mitigate in the growing number of HIV-negative immunodeficient patients, such as people with hematological malignancies or those who are post-transplantation.
METHODS
We conducted a retrospective case series of patients with documented infections between 2008 and 2017 and with and infections between 2014 and 2017 at the Ottawa Hospital.
RESULTS
During the study period, there were 10 confirmed cases of toxoplasmosis, 20 cases of cryptosporidiosis, and 2 cases of isosporiasis. Cryptosporidiosis (95%) and toxoplasmosis (60%) occurred more frequently among HIV-negative patients, whereas isosporiasis cases were limited to HIV-positive patients. Among patients with cryptosporidiosis, the most common underlying cause of immunosuppression in HIV-negative individuals was solid organ transplantation (15.79%), followed by diabetes (10.53%), end-stage renal disease (5.26%), and hematologic malignancy (5.26%). Seventy percent of patients had no known cause of immunosuppression. The most common underlying condition associated with toxoplasmosis was hematological malignancy (50%), followed by solid organ transplantation (33.33%), and solid tumours (16.66%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study's results suggest that infections are more common among immunocompetent patients in Ottawa, whereas infections are more common among HIV-negative patients with acquired immunodeficiencies. As the demographics of immunocompromised individuals continue to evolve, screening for protozoal infections in high-risk populations may become clinically important.
PubMed: 36340056
DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-0024 -
Journal of Clinical Pathology Oct 2004This report describes a case of granulomatous endometritis caused by coccidiosis in an immunologically uncompromised 63 year old patient. The glandular epithelium of the...
This report describes a case of granulomatous endometritis caused by coccidiosis in an immunologically uncompromised 63 year old patient. The glandular epithelium of the endometrium contained numerous intracytoplasmic cysts, corresponding to periodic acid Schiff positive and methenamine silver negative sporoblasts. The endometrial glands revealed reactive phenomena, such as eosinophilic and squamous glandular metaplasia and intraluminal desquamation. Non-necrotising epithelioid granulomata, lacking the presence of parasites, were present in the stroma. Although not detected in the stool examination, the organisms were probably Isospora belli. There was no evidence of other foci of the disease. Coccidiosis should be differentiated from the more commonly occurring coccidiomycosis.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Disease; Diagnosis, Differential; Endometritis; Female; Humans; Isospora; Isosporiasis; Middle Aged
PubMed: 15452171
DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2004.018283 -
Turkish Journal of Haematology :... Aug 2021
Topics: Humans; Isosporiasis; Multiple Myeloma
PubMed: 34308606
DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2021.2021.0356 -
HIV Medicine Feb 2008Isosporiasis, a rare cause of diarrhoea among HIV-infected patients in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, seems to be re-emerging.
BACKGROUND
Isosporiasis, a rare cause of diarrhoea among HIV-infected patients in the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era, seems to be re-emerging.
METHODS
A retrospective study was carried out for the period 1995-2003 in two hospitals in Paris to describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics and therapeutic outcome of isosporiasis in HIV-infected patients, and to compare the findings with those for cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis.
RESULTS
The prevalence of isosporiasis increased from 0.4 per 1000 patients in the pre-HAART era (1995-1996) to 4.4 per 1000 patients in the HAART era (2001-2003), whereas the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and microsporidiosis decreased. Compared with patients with either cryptosporidiosis (n=91) or microsporidiosis (n=58), patients with isosporiasis (n=28) more frequently originated from sub-Saharan Africa (72%), were more frequently female and heterosexual, and had a higher median CD4 count at diagnosis (142 cells/microL). All patients with isosporiasis presented with diarrhoea, which was severe enough to lead to hospital admission for 60% of them. Fever was uncommon (7%). All patients were treated for isosporiasis, 27 of them with cotrimoxazole. Relapse of isosporiasis occurred in six of 16 patients (38%) despite maintenance cotrimoxazole therapy and HAART.
CONCLUSION
Isosporiasis in France occurs mostly in patients emigrating from sub-Saharan Africa and can induce severe diarrhoea. Relapse is common despite cotrimoxazole maintenance therapy.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Anti-Infective Agents; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Diarrhea; Female; HIV Infections; Humans; Isosporiasis; Male; Middle Aged; Paris; Prevalence; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination
PubMed: 18257775
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00530.x -
Parasites & Vectors Jan 2018Diarrhea caused by opportunistic intestinal protozoa is a common problem in HIV infection. We aimed to establish the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, misrosporidia, and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Diarrhea caused by opportunistic intestinal protozoa is a common problem in HIV infection. We aimed to establish the prevalence of Cryptosporidium, misrosporidia, and Isospora in HIV-infected people using a systematic review and meta-analysis, which is central to developing public policy and clinical services.
METHODS
We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, Embase, Chinese Web of Knowledge, Wanfang, and Chongqing VIP databases for studies reporting Cryptosporidium, microsporidia, or Isospora infection in HIV-infected people. We extracted the numbers of people with HIV and protozoa infection, and estimated the pooled prevalence of parasite infection by a random effects model.
RESULTS
Our research identified 131 studies that reported Cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and Isospora infection in HIV-infected people. We estimated the pooled prevalence to be 14.0% (3283/43,218; 95% CI: 13.0-15.0%) for Cryptosporidium, 11.8% (1090/18,006; 95% CI: 10.1-13.4%) for microsporidia, and 2.5% (788/105,922; 95% CI: 2.1-2.9%) for Isospora. A low prevalence of microsporidia and Isospora infection was found in high-income countries, and a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium and Isospora infection was found in sub-Saharan Africa. We also detected a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and Isospora infection in patients with diarrhea. Sensitivity analysis showed that three studies significantly affect the prevalence of Isospora, which was adjusted to 5.0% (469/8570; 95% CI: 4.1-5.9%) by excluding these studies.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings suggest that HIV-infected people have a high prevalence of Cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and Isospora infection in low-income countries and patients with diarrhea, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, reinforcing the importance of routine surveillance for opportunistic intestinal protozoa in HIV-infected people.
Topics: Cryptosporidiosis; Diarrhea; Global Health; HIV Infections; Humans; Isosporiasis; Microsporidiosis; Prevalence
PubMed: 29316950
DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2558-x -
BMC Infectious Diseases Feb 2014Cryptosporidium spp and I. belli are intestinal opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS. A decline in the incidence of these opportunistic infections due to...
BACKGROUND
Cryptosporidium spp and I. belli are intestinal opportunistic infections associated with HIV/AIDS. A decline in the incidence of these opportunistic infections due to HAART was reported. We aim to investigate these parasites among HAART naïve and experienced HIV patients in south Ethiopia.
METHODS
A cross sectional study was carried out among 268 HIV- positive patients between January and September, 2007. Interview with questionnaires and document reviews were used to collect data. Stool samples were obtained from each patient and parasites were examined by direct, formol-ether and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain for Cryptosporidium spp and I. belli. Univariate and multivariate analysis were carried out. Level of significance was set at p-value of 0.05.
RESULTS
A total of 268 patients participated in the study. The mean age was 34.0 (±1 SD of 8.34) years. Females constituted 53.4% (143) of the study participants. Half of the study participants were on HAART; majorities (85.8%) of such patients were within the first year of treatment. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp was 34.3% (92/268) and I. belli was 1.5% (4/268). Dual infection was detected in two patients (0.75%). The crude analysis revealed significant reduction in the odds of Cryptosporidium spp infection among patients who have started HAART (crude OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.35, 0.98). The adjusted analysis remained in the same direction but has lost significance (Adj OR 0.65, 95%CI 0.35, 1.24). No differences in the risk of developing infection with Cryptosporidium spp were observed between groups based on most recent CD4 counts, sex, duration on HAART and age (p > 0.05 for all variables). Patients with Cryptosporidium spp were more likely to report vomiting [Adj OR 2.34 (95% CI 1.22, 5.41)], weight loss [Adj OR 2.10 (95% CI 1.15, 3.81)] and chronic diarrhea [Adj OR 3.35 (95%CI 1.05, 10.63)].
CONCLUSION
There is high burden of infection with Cryptosporidium spp among HIV infected individuals in southern Ethiopia but that of I. belli is low. We recommend considering infection with Cryptosporidium spp in HIV infected people with chronic diarrhea, weight loss and vomiting for HAART naïve patients and/or for patients who are within the first year of starting HAART.
Topics: Adult; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Coinfection; Cross-Sectional Studies; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Diarrhea; Ethiopia; Feces; Female; HIV Infections; HIV Seropositivity; Humans; Incidence; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic; Isosporiasis; Male; Middle Aged; Prevalence; Surveys and Questionnaires; Weight Loss
PubMed: 24559235
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-100 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022infections are common in both wild and captive passerine species. Many bird species have been shown to have co-evolved with a particular species of . Disease can range...
infections are common in both wild and captive passerine species. Many bird species have been shown to have co-evolved with a particular species of . Disease can range from subclinical to severe and fatal, making infection and transmission of this parasite a concern for birds under managed care, particularly in institutions housing endangered species for breeding and reintroduction purposes. Whether birds in mixed-species enclosures represent a risk factor for severe isosporiasis due to infection with non-host-adapted strains is of concern for institutions managing these populations. To begin answering this question, we sought to characterize the host-specificity of spp. in a large number of passerine birds retrospective sequencing of mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Despite outliers, sequences largely grouped by host species and/or host family. Additional research is warranted into the degree of interspecies transmission and host-switching of parasites, and risk factors for the development of severe disease in passerine birds.
PubMed: 35847651
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.847030 -
Food and Waterborne Parasitology Sep 2020Waterborne parasitic diseases form one of common and important public health and economic problems in low- and middle-income countries, though little is known on the...
Waterborne parasitic diseases form one of common and important public health and economic problems in low- and middle-income countries, though little is known on the burden and patterns of these diseases in most regions. This systematic scoping review informs on the prevalence and pattern of waterborne parasitic infections in eastern Africa from 1st of January 1941 to 31st of December 2019. The review found limited number of published studies on waterborne parasitic diseases, though 13 of the 15 studied countries in eastern Africa provided one or more published report(s) totalling 47 reports. Focus of studies was mainly on schistosomiasis where 44.8% of the 47 retrieved studies reported it. Other frequently reported diseases were giardiasis (23.4% of reports), soil-transmitted helminths (23.4%) and amoebiasis (21.3%). Rarely reported diseases were malaria, cryptosporidiosis, isosporiasis, dracunculiasis and trichomoniasis. Based on parasitological examinations, schistosomiasis prevalence ranged from 17 to 33% in Burundi, 1.9 to 73.9% in Ethiopia, 2.1 to 18% in Kenya, 7.2 to 88.6% in Uganda, 22.9 to 86.3% in Tanzania, 27.2 to 65.8% in Somalia, 15 to >50% in Mauritius, 2.4% in Eritrea and 5.0 to 93.7% in Madagascar. Amoebiasis prevalence was 4.6-15,3% (Ethiopia), 5.9-58.3% (Kenya), 54.5% (Rwanda), 0.7-2.7% (Sudan), 19.93% (Uganda) and 4.5-5.0% (Seychelles). Giardiasis prevalence was 0.6-55.0% (Ethiopia), 16.6% (Kenya), 3.6% (Rwanda), 21.1% (Sudan), 40.7% (Uganda), 45.0% (Eritrea) and 3.3-6.0% (Seychelles). Soil-transmitted helminths prevalence was 41.7-52.4% (Ethiopia), 32.4-40.7% (Kenya), 9997 cases (Rwanda), 85.0% (Somalia), 4.7% (Madagascar) and 1.1-84% (Seychelles), , and hookworms were the most common helminths detected. Malaria prevalence was 2.9-4.31% (Ethiopia), an annual episode of 9 million people (Sudan), 13.0% (Tanzania), 146 hospital cases (Madagascar), 1.4-2.0% (Seychelles) and <5.0% in Djibouti. It is also observed that >50% of the populations in eastern Africa region lack improved drinking water sources or sanitation facilities. This may account for the observed high prevalence of the diseases. The author also suggests likely underestimation of the prevalence as most waterborne parasitic diseases are neglected and cases likely only recorded and left unpublished in health facilities. Thus for a thorough mapping of burdens of these diseases, grey literature, including hospital records must be reviewed while interventions focusing on improved water and sanitation are likely to reduce the burden considerably.
PubMed: 32995583
DOI: 10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00089