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Biology Nov 2022The possession of two X chromosomes may come with the risk of various illnesses, females are more likely to be affected by osteoarthritis, heart disease, and anxiety.... (Review)
Review
The possession of two X chromosomes may come with the risk of various illnesses, females are more likely to be affected by osteoarthritis, heart disease, and anxiety. Given the reported correlations between gut microbiome dysbiosis and various illnesses, the female gut microbiome is worthy of exploration. Herein, we discuss the composition of the female gut microbiota and its dysbiosis in pathologies affecting the female population. Using PubMed, we performed a literature search, using key terms, namely: "gut microbiome", "estrogen", "menopause", "polycystic ovarian syndrome", "pregnancy", and "menstruation". In polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the abundance of and the ratio of was found to be increased while that of ML615J-28 124-7 and S24-7 was reduced. In breast cancer, the abundance of was enhanced, while in cervical cancer, and were enhanced but and members of were decreased. In ovarian cancer, abundance was increased. Interestingly, the administration of , and ameliorated PCOS symptoms while that of a mix of W51, W23, W63, W52, W24, W37, W19, W56, and W58 alleviated vascular malfunction and arterial stiffness in obese postmenopausal women, and finally, while further research is needed, maybe protective against postmenopausal bone mass loss. As several studies report the therapeutic potential of probiotics and since the gut microbiota of certain female pathological states has been relatively characterized, we speculate that the administration of certain bacterial species as probiotics is warranted, as novel independent or adjunct therapies for various female pathologies.
PubMed: 36421397
DOI: 10.3390/biology11111683 -
JAMA Pediatrics Sep 2022The efficacy of multispecies probiotic formulations in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) remains unclear. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
IMPORTANCE
The efficacy of multispecies probiotic formulations in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the risk of AAD in children.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This randomized, quadruple-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted from February 2018 to May 2021 in a multicenter, mixed setting (inpatients and outpatients). Patients were followed up throughout the intervention period. Eligibility criteria included age 3 months to 18 years, recruitment within 24 hours following initiation of broad-spectrum systemic antibiotics, and signed informed consent. In total, 646 eligible patients were approached and 350 patients took part in the trial.
INTERVENTIONS
A multispecies probiotic consisting of Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W51, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, L acidophilus W55, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei W20, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum W62, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus W71, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius W24, for a total dose of 10 billion colony-forming units daily, for the duration of antibiotic treatment and for 7 days after.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
The primary outcome was AAD, defined as 3 or more loose or watery stools per day in a 24-hour period, caused either by Clostridioides difficile or of otherwise unexplained etiology, after testing for common diarrheal pathogens. The secondary outcomes included diarrhea regardless of the etiology, diarrhea duration, and predefined diarrhea complications.
RESULTS
A total of 350 children (192 boys and 158 girls; mean [range] age, 50 [3-212] months) were randomized and 313 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Compared with placebo (n = 155), the probiotic (n = 158) had no effect on risk of AAD (relative risk [RR], 0.81; 95% CI, 0.49-1.33). However, children in the probiotic group had a lower risk of diarrhea regardless of the etiology (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.44-0.94). No differences were observed between the groups for most of the secondary outcomes, including adverse events.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
A multispecies probiotic did not reduce the risk of AAD in children when analyzed according to the most stringent definition. However, it reduced the overall risk of diarrhea during and for 7 days after antibiotic treatment. Our study also shows that the AAD definition has a significant effect on clinical trial results and their interpretation.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03334604.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Data Collection; Diarrhea; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Middle Aged; Probiotics
PubMed: 35727573
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2022.1973 -
Cell Host & Microbe Oct 2022The pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 senses bacterial muropeptides to regulate host immunity and maintain homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in NOD2 are associated...
The pattern-recognition receptor NOD2 senses bacterial muropeptides to regulate host immunity and maintain homeostasis. Loss-of-function mutations in NOD2 are associated with Crohn's disease (CD), but how the variations in microbial factors influence NOD2 signaling and host pathology is elusive. We demonstrate that the Firmicutes peptidoglycan remodeling enzyme, DL-endopeptidase, increased the NOD2 ligand level in the gut and impacted colitis outcomes. Metagenomic analyses of global cohorts (n = 857) revealed that DL-endopeptidase gene abundance decreased globally in CD patients and negatively correlated with colitis. Fecal microbiota from CD patients with low DL-endopeptidase activity predisposed mice to colitis. Administering DL-endopeptidase, but not an active site mutant, alleviated colitis via the NOD2 pathway. Therapeutically restoring NOD2 ligands with a DL-endopeptidase-producing Lactobacillus salivarius strain or mifamurtide, a clinical analog of muramyl dipeptide, exerted potent anti-colitis effects. Our study suggests that the depletion of DL-endopeptidase contributes to CD pathogenesis through NOD2 signaling, providing a therapeutically modifiable target.
Topics: Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine; Animals; Colitis; Crohn Disease; Endopeptidases; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Ligands; Mice; Nod2 Signaling Adaptor Protein; Peptidoglycan
PubMed: 36049483
DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.08.002 -
Journal of Cellular and Molecular... Mar 2018Streptococcus mutans contributes significantly to dental caries, which arises from homoeostasic imbalance between host and microbiota. We hypothesized that Lactobacillus...
Streptococcus mutans contributes significantly to dental caries, which arises from homoeostasic imbalance between host and microbiota. We hypothesized that Lactobacillus sp. inhibits growth, biofilm formation and gene expression of Streptococcus mutans. Antibacterial (agar diffusion method) and antibiofilm (crystal violet assay) characteristics of probiotic Lactobacillus sp. against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) were evaluated. We investigated whether Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 393), Lactobacillus reuteri (ATCC 23272), Lactobacillus plantarum (ATCC 14917) or Lactobacillus salivarius (ATCC 11741) inhibit expression of Streptococcus mutans genes involved in biofilm formation, quorum sensing or stress survival using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Growth changes (OD600) in the presence of pH-neutralized, catalase-treated or trypsin-treated Lactobacillus sp. supernatants were assessed to identify roles of organic acids, peroxides and bacteriocin. Susceptibility testing indicated antibacterial (pH-dependent) and antibiofilm activities of Lactobacillus sp. against Streptococcus mutans. Scanning electron microscopy revealed reduction in microcolony formation and exopolysaccharide structural changes. Of the oral normal flora, L. salivarius exhibited the highest antibiofilm and peroxide-dependent antimicrobial activities. All biofilm-forming cells treated with Lactobacillus sp. supernatants showed reduced expression of genes involved in exopolysaccharide production, acid tolerance and quorum sensing. Thus, Lactobacillus sp. can inhibit tooth decay by limiting growth and virulence properties of Streptococcus mutans.
Topics: Antibiosis; Bacteriocins; Biofilms; Catalase; Culture Media; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Interferon-gamma; Interleukin-10; Lacticaseibacillus casei; Lactobacillus plantarum; Limosilactobacillus reuteri; Ligilactobacillus salivarius; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Peroxides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial; Primary Cell Culture; Probiotics; Quorum Sensing; Streptococcus mutans; Trypsin
PubMed: 29316223
DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13496 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Previous study has discovered that probiotic strains residing in the... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
INTRODUCTION
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells. Previous study has discovered that probiotic strains residing in the gut play essential roles in host immune regulation. However, few clinical results demonstrated probiotic would actually benefit in attenuating glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) along with inflammatory cytokine levels of the T1DM patients and analyzed their gut microbiota profile at the same time. In this clinical trial, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of probiotics on HbA1c along with inflammatory cytokine levels of T1DM patients to determine an alternative administration mode for T1DM medication. The probiotics changed T1DM gut microbiota profile will be measured by next-generation sequencing (NGS).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed at China Medical University Hospital. T1DM patients between 6 and 18 years of age were enrolled. 27 patients were administered regular insulin therapy plus capsules containing probiotic strains subsp. AP-32, MH-68, and subsp. CP-9 daily for 6 months, and 29 patients were administered insulin therapy without extra probiotic supplement as placebo group. The variations of fasting blood glucose and HbA1c in these patients were analyzed. In addition, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokine were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Patients' stool microbiota were all subjects to NGS analysis.
RESULTS
NGS data showed elevated populations of and in the gut of patients with T1DM who were taking probiotics. Patients with T1DM who were administered probiotics showed significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels compared with the before-intervention levels. The HbA1c levels of the patients also improved after administration of probiotics. The concentrations of IL-8, IL-17, MIP-1β, RANTES, and TNF-α were significantly reduced and were associated with an increased TGF-β1 expression after probiotic intervention. The persistence effect of glycemic control and immunomodulation were observed even 3 months after discontinuation of the probiotics.
CONCLUSIONS
Here, we found that conventional insulin therapy plus probiotics supplementation attenuated T1DM symptoms than receiving insulin treatment only. Probiotics supplementation with insulin treatment changed gut microbiota and revealed better outcome in stabilizing glycemic levels and reducing HbA1c levels in patients with T1DM through beneficial regulation of immune cytokines.
CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION
ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03880760.
Topics: Bifidobacterium animalis; Blood Glucose; Cytokines; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Glycated Hemoglobin; Humans; Insulin; Ligilactobacillus salivarius; Probiotics
PubMed: 35299968
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.754401 -
Cell Proliferation Mar 2022Osteoporosis is a common bone disease in the elderly mainly regulated by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs). The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important...
OBJECTIVES
Osteoporosis is a common bone disease in the elderly mainly regulated by osteoblasts (OBs) and osteoclasts (OCs). The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in many physiological and pathological processes in the host. Thus, we hypothesize that the gut microbiota is necessary for postmenopausal osteoporosis and that germ-free (GF) mice are protected from osteoporosis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Osteoporosis models were established by performing ovariectomy (OVX) in mice. Bone mass was measured by micro-CT, and gut microbiota were assessed by 16s rDNA sequencing. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by dihydroethidium (DHE) staining in vivo and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining in vitro.
RESULTS
Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes in the intestine are pivotal in OC differentiation, and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (F/B ratio) is a specific indicator of osteoporosis. Furthermore, we found that Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes affect the de novo synthesis of glutathione (GSH) by regulating its key enzyme glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) and inhibiting mitochondrial biogenesis and ROS accumulation via the cAMP response element-binding (CREB) pathway. In addition, supplementing OVX mice with the probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius LI01 from the Firmicutes phylum prevented osteoporosis.
CONCLUSIONS
Our results reveal that GSH plays a vital role in OVX-induced bone loss, and probiotics that affect GSH metabolism are potential therapeutic targets for overcoming osteoporosis.
Topics: Animals; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Mice; Mitochondria; Organelle Biogenesis; Osteoblasts; Osteoclasts; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Ovariectomy; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 35080066
DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13194 -
Gastroenterology Aug 2020We aimed to compare the effectiveness of single- vs multiple-strain probiotics in a network meta-analysis of randomized trials. (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
BACKGROUND & AIMS
We aimed to compare the effectiveness of single- vs multiple-strain probiotics in a network meta-analysis of randomized trials.
METHODS
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL, BIOSIS Previews, and Google Scholar through January 1, 2019, for studies of single-strain and multistrain probiotic formulations on the outcomes of preterm, low-birth-weight neonates. We used a frequentist approach for network meta-analysis and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to assess the certainty of evidence. Primary outcomes included all-cause mortality, severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (Bell stage II or more), and culture-proven sepsis.
RESULTS
We analyzed data from 63 trials involving 15,712 preterm infants. Compared with placebo, a combination of 1 or more Lactobacillus species (spp) and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp was the only intervention with moderate- or high-quality evidence of reduced all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.39-0.80). Among interventions with moderate- or high-quality evidence for efficacy compared with placebo, combinations of 1 or more Lactobacillus spp and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp, Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis, Lactobacillus reuteri, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus significantly reduced severe NEC (OR, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.20-0.59]; OR, 0.31 [95% CI, 0.13-0.74]; OR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.34-0.91]; and OR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.21-0.90], respectively). There was moderate- or high-quality evidence that combinations of 1 or more Lactobacillus spp and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp and Saccharomyces boulardii reduced the number of days to reach full feeding (mean reduction of 3.30 days [95% CI, reduction of 5.91-0.69 days]). There was moderate- or high-quality evidence that, compared with placebo, the single-species product B animalis subsp lactis or L reuteri significantly reduced duration of hospitalization (mean reduction of 13.00 days [95% CI, reduction of 22.71-3.29 days] and mean reduction of 7.89 days [95% CI, reduction of 11.60-4.17 days], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
In a systematic review and network meta-analysis of studies to determine the effects of single-strain and multistrain probiotic formulations on outcomes of preterm, low-birth-weight neonates, we found moderate to high evidence for the superiority of combinations of 1 or more Lactobacillus spp and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp vs single- and other multiple-strain probiotic treatments. The combinations of Bacillus spp and Enterococcus spp, and 1 or more Bifidobacterium spp and Streptococcus salivarius subsp thermophilus, might produce the largest reduction in NEC development. Further trials are needed.
Topics: Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Infant; Infant Mortality; Infant, Low Birth Weight; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Premature; Neonatal Sepsis; Network Meta-Analysis; Probiotics; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32592699
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.05.096 -
Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Aug 2015Recent insights into the role of the human microbiota in cognitive and affective functioning have led to the hypothesis that probiotic supplementation may act as an... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Recent insights into the role of the human microbiota in cognitive and affective functioning have led to the hypothesis that probiotic supplementation may act as an adjuvant strategy to ameliorate or prevent depression.
OBJECTIVE
Heightened cognitive reactivity to normal, transient changes in sad mood is an established marker of vulnerability to depression and is considered an important target for interventions. The present study aimed to test if a multispecies probiotic containing Bifidobacterium bifidum W23, Bifidobacterium lactis W52, Lactobacillus acidophilus W37, Lactobacillus brevis W63, Lactobacillus casei W56, Lactobacillus salivarius W24, and Lactococcus lactis (W19 and W58) may reduce cognitive reactivity in non-depressed individuals.
DESIGN
In a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, pre- and post-intervention assessment design, 20 healthy participants without current mood disorder received a 4-week probiotic food-supplement intervention with the multispecies probiotics, while 20 control participants received an inert placebo for the same period. In the pre- and post-intervention assessment, cognitive reactivity to sad mood was assessed using the revised Leiden index of depression sensitivity scale.
RESULTS
Compared to participants who received the placebo intervention, participants who received the 4-week multispecies probiotics intervention showed a significantly reduced overall cognitive reactivity to sad mood, which was largely accounted for by reduced rumination and aggressive thoughts.
CONCLUSION
These results provide the first evidence that the intake of probiotics may help reduce negative thoughts associated with sad mood. Probiotics supplementation warrants further research as a potential preventive strategy for depression.
Topics: Adolescent; Affect; Bifidobacterium; Cognition; Depressive Disorder; Dietary Supplements; Double-Blind Method; Female; Humans; Lactobacillus; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Male; Probiotics; Social Behavior; Young Adult
PubMed: 25862297
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.04.003 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Jul 2017The goals of this review are to summarize the current knowledge on the application of Lactobacillus salivarius as a probiotic in animals and humans, and to address... (Review)
Review
The goals of this review are to summarize the current knowledge on the application of Lactobacillus salivarius as a probiotic in animals and humans, and to address safety concerns with its use on live hosts. Overall, several strains of L. salivarius are well established probiotics with multiple applications in animal health, particularly to reduce colonization by gastrointestinal pathogens, and to a lesser extent, as a production and quality aid. In humans, L. salivarius has been used to prevent and treat a variety of chronic diseases, including asthma, cancer, atopic dermatitis and halitosis, and to a much limited extent, to prevent or treat infections. Based on the results from primary research evidence, it seems that L. salivarius does not pose a health risk to animals or humans in the doses currently used for a variety of applications; however, there is a systematic lack of studies assuring the safety of many of the strains intended for clinical use. This review provides researchers in the field with up-to-date information regarding applications and safety of L. salivarius. Furthermore, it helps researchers identify knowledge gaps and potential opportunities for microbiological and clinical research.
PubMed: 28256040
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13438 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2022Since we previously reported that women infected with chlamydia had a significant overall reduction in Lactobacillus in the vagina microbiota as compared to those...
Since we previously reported that women infected with chlamydia had a significant overall reduction in Lactobacillus in the vagina microbiota as compared to those uninfected individuals; the interactions between the altered Lactobacillus and , on the other hand, need to be elucidated. Here, we employed both and models to evaluate the effects of this changed Lactobacillus on Chlamydia infection. We found that , and all significantly reduced infection in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The strongest anti-Chlamydia effects were found in (90 percent reduction), whereas the poorest was found in (50 percent reduction). D (-) lactic acid was the key component in Lactobacillus cell-free supernatants (CFS) to inactivate Chlamydia EBs, showing a positive correlation with the anti-Chlamydia activity. The effects of D (-) lactic acid were substantially attenuated by neutralizing the pH value to 7.0. , mice intravaginally inoculated with Lactobacillus mixtures (, , and at a ratio of 1:1:1), but not single Lactobacillus, after genital Chlamydia infection, significantly attenuated the levels of Chlamydia live organism shedding in both the lower genital tract and the intestinal tract, reduced cytokines production (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β) in the vagina, and lessened upper genital tract inflammation and pathogenicity. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Lactobacillus inhibits Chlamydia infectivity both and , providing useful information for the development of Lactobacillus as adjunctive treatment in Chlamydia infection.
PubMed: 35572713
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.877223