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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is one of the main active components extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Astragali and serves as a marker for assessing the herb's... (Review)
Review
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is one of the main active components extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Astragali and serves as a marker for assessing the herb's quality. AS-IV is a tetracyclic triterpenoid saponin in the form of lanolin ester alcohol and exhibits various biological activities. This review article summarizes the chemical structure of AS-IV, its pharmacological effects, mechanism of action, applications, future prospects, potential weaknesses, and other unexplored biological activities, aiming at an overall analysis. Papers were retrieved from online electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI, and data from studies conducted over the last 10 years on the pharmacological effects of AS-IV as well as its impact were collated. This review focuses on the pharmacological action of AS-IV, such as its anti-inflammatory effect, including suppressing inflammatory factors, increasing T and B lymphocyte proliferation, and inhibiting neutrophil adhesion-associated molecules; antioxidative stress, including scavenging reactive oxygen species, cellular scorching, and regulating mitochondrial gene mutations; neuroprotective effects, antifibrotic effects, and antitumor effects.
Topics: Saponins; Triterpenes; Astragalus Plant; Cell Proliferation
PubMed: 37630371
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28166118 -
Archives of Razi Institute Jun 2022The current review paper portrays the important link of different nutrients like trace elements, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and amino acids with the immune system... (Review)
Review
The current review paper portrays the important link of different nutrients like trace elements, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and amino acids with the immune system as well as information related to metabolic paradoxes. Optimum working of the metabolic system is essential because it gives various types of supplements to the human body and aid in chemical pathways. Here related data have been retrieved from two databases i.e., PubMed and Google scholar to grasp detailed knowledge about micronutrients and nutrients as well as their association in the metabolic system. Like protein play important role in the normal development of different immune components, amino acids including alanine, Arginine, and glutamic acid properly control the movement of neutrophils, macrophages, and cytokines. While fatty acids act as an anti-inflammatory agent because they possess the ability to inhibit the expression of the MHC class. Apart from these, many essential molecules like uric acid, proteins, calcium, lanolin are also obtained as end products after catabolic and anabolic reactions, and it was found that the uric acid paradox has a cancer inhibitory role. Additionally, TGF and IL-6 paradoxes have a role in the development of tumors, the onset of diabetes, and low-grade inflammatory disorders respectively. However, the entire functioning of metabolic processes depends upon daily diet because humans get the important nutrient from the diet which further vital role in the immune system. Moreover, it was also observed that calcium paradox is related to heart disorders because high calcium accumulation leads to cardiac disorders. Thus, the complete knowledge about these essential components as well as metabolic paradoxes is very important due to their antagonistic role to plan better and improved therapeutic strategies for various diseases.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Calcium; Uric Acid; Vitamins; Fatty Acids; Amino Acids
PubMed: 36618306
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2021.356277.1815 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023The management of food and food-related wastes represents a growing global issue, as they are hard to recycle and dispose of. Foremost, waste can serve as an important...
The management of food and food-related wastes represents a growing global issue, as they are hard to recycle and dispose of. Foremost, waste can serve as an important source of biomasses. Particularly, fat-enriched biomasses are receiving more and more attention for their role in the manufacturing of biofuels. Nonetheless, many biomasses have been set aside over the years. Wool wax, also known as lanolin, has a huge potential for becoming a source of typical and atypical fatty acids. The main aim of this work was to evaluate and assess a protocol for the fractioning of fatty acids from lanolin, a natural by-product of the shearing of sheep, alongside the design of a new and rapid quantitative GC-MS method for the derivatization of free fatty acids in fat mixtures, using MethElute™. As the acid portion of lanolin is characterized by the presence of both aliphatic and hydroxylated fatty acids, we also evaluated a procedure for the parting of these two species, by using NMR spectroscopy, benefitting of the different solubilities of the components in organic solvents. At last, we evaluated and quantified the fatty acids and the α-hydroxy fatty acids present in each attained portion, employing both analytical and synthetic standards. The performed analyses, both qualitative and quantitative, showed a good performance in the parting of the different acid components, and GC-MS allowed to speculate that the majority of α-hydroxylated fatty acids is formed of linear saturated carbon chains, while the totality of properly said fatty acids has a much more complex profile.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lanolin; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Fatty Acids; Carboxylic Acids
PubMed: 36838621
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041635 -
Membranes Jun 2021Due to the high similarity in composition and structure between lanolin and human SC lipids, we will work with two models from wool wax. Two types of lanolin were...
Due to the high similarity in composition and structure between lanolin and human SC lipids, we will work with two models from wool wax. Two types of lanolin were evaluated: one extracted with water and surfactants (WEL) and the other extracted with organic solvents (SEL). Skin permeation and skin penetration studies were performed with two active compounds to study the feasibility of the use of lanolin-based synthetic membranes as models of mammalian skin. Diclofenac sodium and lidocaine were selected as the active compounds considering that they have different chemical natures and different lipophilicities. In the permeation assay with SEL, a better correlation was obtained with the less permeable compound diclofenac sodium. This assay suggests the feasibility of using artificial membranes with SEL as a model for percutaneous absorption studies, even though the lipophilic barrier should be improved. Penetration profiles of the APIs through the SEL and WEL membranes indicated that the two membranes diminish penetration and can be considered good membrane surrogates for skin permeability studies. However, the WEL membranes, with a pH value similar to that of the skin surface, promoted a higher degree of diminution of the permeability of the two drugs, similar to those found for the skin.
PubMed: 34203604
DOI: 10.3390/membranes11060444 -
Contact Dermatitis Jan 2021Lanolin is often included when patch testing for common contact allergens. The clinical relevance of a positive patch test reaction to lanolin markers is, however, still... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Lanolin is often included when patch testing for common contact allergens. The clinical relevance of a positive patch test reaction to lanolin markers is, however, still a subject for debate.
OBJECTIVES
To evaluate Amerchol L101 as a marker of lanolin allergy and investigate the clinical impact of lanolin-containing moisturizers on healthy and damaged skin using the repeated open application test (ROAT).
METHODS
Twelve test subjects and 14 controls were patch tested with Amerchol L 101 and additional lanolin markers. Subsequently, a blinded ROAT was performed on the arms of the study participants for 4 weeks. Each participant applied a lanolin-free cream base and two different lanolin-containing test creams twice daily on one arm with intact skin and on the other arm with irritant dermatitis, induced by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
RESULTS
Eleven test subjects (92%) had positive patch test reactions to Amerchol L 101 when retested and one test subject (8%) had a doubtful reaction. None of the study participants had any skin reactions to the ROAT on intact skin and all participants healed during the ROAT on damaged skin.
CONCLUSIONS
Lanolin-containing emollients do not cause or worsen existing dermatitis when performing ROAT in volunteers patch test positive to Amerchol L101.
Topics: Case-Control Studies; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Dermatitis, Irritant; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Lanolin; Patch Tests; Skin Cream
PubMed: 32844454
DOI: 10.1111/cod.13689