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Carbohydrate Research May 2024Two new analytical methods, applying absolute H qNMR, were developed to monitor product yield and quantify unreacted carbohydrate and fatty acid reactants, in the...
Two new analytical methods, applying absolute H qNMR, were developed to monitor product yield and quantify unreacted carbohydrate and fatty acid reactants, in the synthesis of carbohydrate fatty acid esters (CFAE). These methods provide a mass balance of the crude reaction mixtures and diversify the analytical screening and quantitation approaches available within the synthesis of these molecules. Both methods were validated for the model reaction of methyl α-d-glucopyranoside (MAG) and lauric acid (LA) to form the mono ester product, methyl 6-O-dodecanoyl-α-d-glucopyranoside. Analysis in CDOD by H qNMR, with fumaric acid (FA) as an internal standard (IS), allowed monitoring of all reaction components. Alternatively, using CDCl and (E)-stilbene as IS enabled the analysis of CFAE and fatty acid. Parameters calculated for method validation included specificity and selectivity, linearity, accuracy, intermediate precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) and robustness. Both methods provided excellent linearity with R > 0.997. The accuracy, precision, and robustness of the method in CDOD was <2 % uncertainty making it suitable for complete reaction analysis. The method completed in CDCl resulted in accuracy, intermediate precision, and robustness of <5 %, except for accuracy in the lowest levels of concentration (>5 %). For all related analytes in the CDOD and CDCl methods, the LOD and LOQ were determined to ensure applicability for the intended use in the assessment of reaction crude composition. Finally, the system suitability was assessed in a scaled lipase catalysed CFAE synthetic reaction. The determined qNMR product yields were verified against isolated purified product yields with <5 % uncertainty.
PubMed: 38759343
DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109143 -
Cell Reports May 2024Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication mechanism mediated by small diffusible signaling molecules. Previous studies showed that RpfR controls Burkholderia...
Quorum sensing (QS) is a cell-to-cell communication mechanism mediated by small diffusible signaling molecules. Previous studies showed that RpfR controls Burkholderia cenocepacia virulence as a cis-2-dodecenoic acid (BDSF) QS signal receptor. Here, we report that the fatty acyl-CoA ligase DsfR (BCAM2136), which efficiently catalyzes in vitro synthesis of lauryl-CoA and oleoyl-CoA from lauric acid and oleic acid, respectively, acts as a global transcriptional regulator to control B. cenocepacia virulence by sensing BDSF. We show that BDSF binds to DsfR with high affinity and enhances the binding of DsfR to the promoter DNA regions of target genes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the homolog of DsfR in B. lata, RS02960, binds to the target gene promoter, and perception of BDSF enhances the binding activity of RS02960. Together, these results provide insights into the evolved unusual functions of DsfR that control bacterial virulence as a response regulator of QS signal.
PubMed: 38748879
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114223 -
Chemosphere Apr 2024The accumulation of fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposits in sanitary sewer systems is a significant cause of sewer overflows, mainly due to their tendency to adhere to...
The accumulation of fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposits in sanitary sewer systems is a significant cause of sewer overflows, mainly due to their tendency to adhere to pipe walls. The aim of this study is to (i) develop laboratory-prepared FOG deposits using a mixture of iron (Fe) and aluminium (Al) metal ions, fatty acids, saccharides and cooked oils, in addition to various sanitary waste materials such as paper towels, wipes and pads and (ii) examine the characteristics of these FOG deposits. The goals of this study were to (i) gain a deeper understanding of the impact of sanitary waste on the formation of FOG deposits and (ii) discuss the detailed physiochemical properties of these FOG deposits. The findings revealed that FOG deposits can vary in nature, appearing as either a smooth, paste-like substance or a coarse, semi-solid material, depending on the types of waste present in the sewer. Analysis of the fatty acid profile indicated that the FOG deposits with wipes have the highest viscosity (3.2 × 10 Pa s) and larger composition of smaller chain saturated fatty acids (caprylic acid 0.64%, undecanoic acid 5.61%, lauric acid 4.65%, myristic acid 3.21% and palmitic 8.38%). In contrast, FOG deposits with Fe and Al metal impurities have higher heat resistance and thermal stability (melting point of 125 °C) and have larger composition of long chain fatty acids. Furthermore, FTIR analysis confirmed that these FOG deposits are composed of metallic salts of fatty acids, aligning with samples from sewer lines. Our results suggest that FOG deposit formation involves the aggregation of excess calcium, which compresses free fatty acid micelles, and a saponification reaction between the calcium aggregates and free fatty acids. This research illuminates the complex processes behind FOG deposit formation and their varied characteristics, providing valuable insights into potential strategies for preventing FOG-related sewer blockages.
PubMed: 38685332
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142183 -
Physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile of oil extracted from black soldier fly larvae ().Veterinary World Mar 2024, a black soldier fly, is widely recognized for sustainable recycling of organic waste. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) can consume various types of biowastes and...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
, a black soldier fly, is widely recognized for sustainable recycling of organic waste. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFLs) can consume various types of biowastes and convert them into nutrient-rich biomass, including proteins, lipids, chitin, and minerals. This study investigated the best extraction method by comparing the fatty acid profiles, percentage yield, and antioxidant properties of BSFL oil extracted using different extraction methods.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, and free radical scavenging ability of BSFL oil were analyzed using six extraction methods.
RESULTS
Ultrasonic extraction with hexane resulted in the highest yields compared with different extraction methods. Lauric acid (28%-37%) was the most abundant fatty acid in all extracts, followed by palmitic acid, myristic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Compared with other methods, aqueous extraction showed the highest lauric acid composition and free radical scavenging activities. In addition, high-temperature aqueous extraction resulted in higher oil yield and free radical scavenging activities than low-temperature extraction.
CONCLUSION
High-temperature aqueous extraction is the best extraction method because it is rich in lauric acid, has antioxidant ability, and can be further developed to produce novel sustainable biomaterials for humans and animals.
PubMed: 38680136
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.518-526 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2024(1) Background: This study determined whether adding butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in nursing pigs' feed would improve growth performance, proteinogram,...
(1) Background: This study determined whether adding butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in nursing pigs' feed would improve growth performance, proteinogram, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant status. (2) Methods: Ninety male pigs were divided into five groups with six repetitions per group: NC, negative control (no additive); TRI-BUT, addition of tributyrin in the basal ration; MDT-BUT, addition of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of butyric acid in the basal feed; MDT-LAU, the addition of mono-, di-, and triglycerides of lauric acid in the basal feed; and PC, positive control (addition of gentamicin in the basal feed). (3) Results: PC, TRI-BUT, and MDT-LAU resulted in a high average daily WG from days 1 to 39 ( < 0.01). MDT-LAU, MDT-BUT, and PC resulted in a greater feed:gain from days 1 to 39 than the NC ( = 0.03). Great concentrations of the gamma globulin fraction in all groups were observed than in the NC ( = 0.01). Ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein concentrations were lower in all groups than in the NC ( < 0.05). Higher serum glutathione S-transferase activity was observed in the TRI-BUT and MDT-BUT than in the PC ( = 0.04). (4) Conclusions: The addition of butyric acid and lauric acid glycerides in the diet of pigs in the nursery phase can replace growth promoters since the products improve the growth performance, reduce acute-phase proteins, and increase gamma globulin concentrations.
PubMed: 38672322
DOI: 10.3390/ani14081174 -
Heliyon Apr 2024This study aimed at analysing the effects of coconut ( L.) kernel extract (CKE) on oxidative stress, C-MYC proto-oncogene, and tumour formation in a skin cancer model....
This study aimed at analysing the effects of coconut ( L.) kernel extract (CKE) on oxidative stress, C-MYC proto-oncogene, and tumour formation in a skin cancer model. Tumorigenesis was induced by dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/12--tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). In vitro antioxidant activity of CKE was assessed using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide (HO), total phenolic and flavonoid content assays. CKE showed a higher antioxidant activity then ascorbic acid (*P < 0.05, ****P < 0.0001). HPLC and NMR study of the CKE revealed the presence of lauric acid (LA). Following the characterization of CKE, mice were randomly assigned to receive DMBA/TPA Induction and CKE treatment at different doses (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of body weight. LA 100 mg/kg of body weight used as standard. Significantly, the CKE200 and control groups' mice did not develop tumors; however, the CKE100 and CKE50 treated groups did develop tumors less frequently than the DMBA/TPA-treated mice. Histopathological analysis revealed that the epidermal layer in DMBA-induced mice was thicker and had squamous pearls along with a hyperplasia/dysplasia lesion, indicating skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), whereas the epidermal layers in CKE200-treated and control mice were normal. Additionally, the CKE treatment demonstrated a significant stimulatory effect on the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidase (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001) and c-MYC protein expression (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001). In conclusion, CKE prevents the growth of tumors on mouse skin by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing c-MYC overexpression brought on by DMBA/TPA induction. This makes it an effective dietary antioxidant with anti-tumor properties.
PubMed: 38665592
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29385 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024The present study explored the anticancer activity of a Chitosan-based nanogel incorporating thiocolchicoside and lauric acid (CTL) against oral cancer cell lines...
The present study explored the anticancer activity of a Chitosan-based nanogel incorporating thiocolchicoside and lauric acid (CTL) against oral cancer cell lines (KB-1). Cell viability, AO/EtBr dual staining and Cell cycle analysis were done to evaluate the impact of CTL nanogel on oral cancer cells. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze proapoptotic and antiapoptotic gene expression in CTL-treated KB-1 cells. Further, molecular docking analysis was conducted to explore the interaction of our key ingredient, thiocolchicoside and its binding affinities. The CTL nanogel demonstrated potent anticancer activity by inhibiting oral cancer cell proliferation and inducing cell cycle arrest in cancer cells. Gene expression analysis indicated alterations in Bax and Bcl-2 genes; CTL nanogel treatment increased Bax mRNA expression and inhibited the Bcl-2 mRNA expression, which showed potential mechanisms of the CTL nanogel's anticancer action. It was found that thiocolchicoside can stabilize the protein's function or restore it as a tumour suppressor. The CTL nanogel exhibited excellent cytotoxicity and potent anticancer effects, making it a potential candidate for non-toxic chemotherapy in cancer nanomedicine. Furthermore, the nanogel's ability to modulate proapoptotic gene expression highlights its potential for targeted cancer therapy. This research contributes to the growing interest in Chitosan-based nanogels and their potential applications in cancer treatment.
Topics: Humans; Chitosan; Lauric Acids; Cell Line, Tumor; Nanogels; Antineoplastic Agents; Colchicine; Apoptosis; Mouth Neoplasms; Molecular Docking Simulation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Survival; Polyethylene Glycols; Polyethyleneimine
PubMed: 38649421
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60046-1 -
Heliyon Apr 2024is a plant genus that includes annual and perennial species and is found at various temperatures, from northern temperate regions to tropical and subtropical areas. The... (Review)
Review
is a plant genus that includes annual and perennial species and is found at various temperatures, from northern temperate regions to tropical and subtropical areas. The genus has been used for centuries for various disorders, including hypertension, intestinal and stomach pain, dysuria, jaundice, toothaches, skin allergies, hemorrhoids, cardiac disorders, kidney stones, hemostasis, hyperglycemia, and others. Various databases, including Google Scholar, Scifinder, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, ResearchGate, and Web of Science, were utilized to collect pertinent scientific literature data. According to bibliographic studies, the genus possesses various compounds from different families, including phenolic acids (gallic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid, -coumaric acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid, and many other compounds), flavonoids (quercetin, catechin, epicatechin, quercitrin, kaempferol, myricetin, etc.), tannins, stilbenes (polydatin and resveratrol), terpenes (α-pinene, β-caryophyllene and β-caryophyllene oxide, bisabolene, β-farnesene, etc.), fatty acids (decanoic acid, lauric acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, dodecanoic acid), polysaccharides, and others. Various chemical and biological activities ( and ), such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiparasitic, hepatoprotective, neuropharmacological, gastroprotective, diuretic, antipyretic, and others, have been described in several biological studies involving this species. An updated summary of species and their ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, toxicological, pharmacological, and phytopharmaceutical formulations is necessary. Considering the numerous potentialities of the species and their wide-ranging use, it is extremely essential to provide knowledge by compiling the accessible literature to identify the topics of intense investigation and the main gaps to better design future studies. The objective of this review is to give readers a better understanding, greater comprehension, and in-depth knowledge of the genus 's traditional applications, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicological features, and galenic formulation. Several species of this genus have been detailed in this review, including those that were frequently used in traditional medicine () and many of the genus' therapeutic species, like , which do not get enough attention.
PubMed: 38638945
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28947 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2024The kernel oil of the Attalea phalerata Mart. Ex Spreng (Acurí) is traditionally used in several Latin American countries to treat respiratory problems, inflammation,...
The kernel oil of the Attalea phalerata Mart. Ex Spreng (Acurí) is traditionally used in several Latin American countries to treat respiratory problems, inflammation, and fever. However, it cannot be found on the literature any attend to use this oil in pharmaceutical formulation. In this paper, it was developed Acurí oil-loaded nanocapsules, and it was evaluated the cytotoxicity against cancer cells, the antinflammatory activity and the oral acute toxicity in rats. Acurí oil contains lauric acid as the predominant saturated fatty acid (433.26 mg/g) and oleic acid as the main unsaturated fatty acid (180.06 mg/g). The Acurí oil-loaded nanocapsules showed a size of 237 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.260, and a high ζ-potential of -78.75 mV. It was obtained an encapsulation efficiency of 88.77%, and the nanocapsules remain stable on the shelf for 180 days. The nanocapsules showed a rapid release profile (98.25% in 40 minutes). Nanocapsules at a dose of 10 mg/kg exhibit an anti-inflammatory effect similar to indomethacin at the same dose. The nanocapsules showed excellent antiproliferative effect and selectivity index against prostate tumor cells (IC 2.09 µg/mL, SI=119.61) and kidney tumor cells (IC 3.03 µg/mL, SI=82.50). Both Acurí oil and Acurí oil-loaded nanocapsules are nontoxic at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Additionally, they reduce serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in rat and could find application in nutraceutical formulations. The Acurí oil-loaded nanocapsules emerge as a promising candidate for new antitumor therapies.
Topics: Animals; Nanocapsules; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Plant Oils; Male; Humans; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Administration, Oral; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 38626517
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116308 -
Scientific Reports Apr 2024One of the significant aromatic plants applied in food and pharma is cumin. Despite its massive trading in Egypt, there are no comprehensive reports on cumin landraces...
One of the significant aromatic plants applied in food and pharma is cumin. Despite its massive trading in Egypt, there are no comprehensive reports on cumin landraces profile screening. This study aimed to investigate the variation in seeds' physical and biochemical profiles and genetic diversity as well as assess the efficiency of seeds' germination under salinity stress. Consequently, during the 2020/2021 growing season, four common cumin seed landraces were gathered from various agro-climatic regions: El Gharbia, El Menia, Assiut, and Qena. Results showed a significant variation in physical profile among the four seeds of landraces. In addition, Assiut had the highest percentage of essential oil at 8.04%, whilst Qena had the largest amount of cumin aldehyde, the primary essential oil component, at 25.19%. Lauric acid was found to be the predominant fatty acid (54.78 to 62.73%). According to ISSR amplification, El Menia presented a negative unique band, whereas other landraces offered a positive band. Additionally, the cumin genotypes were separated into two clusters by the dendrogram, with El Gharbia being located in an entirely separate cluster. There were two sub-clusters within the other cluster: El Menia in one and Assiut and Qena in the other. Moreover, the germination sensitivity to the diverse salinity concentrations (control, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS/m) findings showed that landraces exhibited varying responses to increased salinity when El Gharbia and El Menia showed a moderate response at four dS/m. Whilst, Qena landraces showed supreme values among other landraces under 12 and 16 dS/m. The majority of the examined features had strong positive associations over a range of salinity levels, according to phenotypic correlation coefficient analysis. To accomplish the aims of sustainable agriculture in Egypt, it would be imperative that the potential breeding program for cumin landraces consider this screening study.
Topics: Cuminum; Egypt; Plant Breeding; Genotype; Oils, Volatile
PubMed: 38580717
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57637-3