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Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford,... Oct 2023Postpartum psychosis (PPP) is a psychiatric emergency that generally warrants acute inpatient care. PPP is marked by the sudden onset of affective and psychotic symptoms... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Postpartum psychosis (PPP) is a psychiatric emergency that generally warrants acute inpatient care. PPP is marked by the sudden onset of affective and psychotic symptoms with a rapid deterioration in mental state. Evidence suggests that PPP is a discrete disorder on the bipolar disorder spectrum with a distinct treatment profile and prognosis.
METHODS
We conducted a PubMed database search for various terms involving PPP and its treatment and included peer-reviewed articles published in English.
OBJECTIVE
To provide a treatment algorithm for the management of PPP based on available evidence.
RESULTS
Pharmacological therapy is the mainstay of PPP management in the acute phase. Evidence points to a combination of antipsychotics and lithium in the acute treatment of PPP. Electroconvulsive therapy can offer a rapid treatment response where required. Lithium appears to have the best evidence for relapse prevention and prophylaxis in PPP. Psychoeducation is essential and psychosocial interventions used in bipolar disorder may be effective in PPP.
CONCLUSION
Early detection and prompt treatment with antipsychotics and lithium, followed by maintenance treatment with lithium, is associated with a favourable prognosis in PPP.
Topics: Female; Humans; Lithium; Psychotic Disorders; Bipolar Disorder; Antipsychotic Agents; Postpartum Period; Algorithms
PubMed: 37515460
DOI: 10.1177/02698811231181573 -
International Journal of Bipolar... May 2024Lithium is effective in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Concerns have been raised about non-responsiveness after discontinuation and resuming previously... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Lithium is effective in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. Concerns have been raised about non-responsiveness after discontinuation and resuming previously effective lithium prophylaxis. We reviewed the available literature on this so-called lithium-discontinuation-induced treatment refractoriness (LDITR).
RESULTS
We found 11 case reports and six cohort studies including 403 patients addressing LDITR, and one nation-wide register study providing some additional data on LDITR. Pooling all cohort studies, the percentages of non-responders during re-treatment with lithium ranged from 3.6 to 27.7%, with an average of 17.3%. Non-responsiveness was associated with longer duration of lithium treatment before discontinuation, longer duration of bipolar disorder before start of lithium, faster tapering off lithium, and longer duration of discontinuation.
CONCLUSIONS
There may be a subgroup in whom lithium discontinuation-induced treatment refractoriness exists. However, the vast majority of people respond when lithium is restarted. Moreover, it may be necessary to continue lithium beyond the first relapses to restore long-term prophylactic efficacy.
PubMed: 38750382
DOI: 10.1186/s40345-024-00339-6 -
Materials (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2023Due to their high energy and power density, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained popularity in response to the demand for effective energy storage solutions. The... (Review)
Review
Due to their high energy and power density, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have gained popularity in response to the demand for effective energy storage solutions. The importance of the electrode architecture in determining battery performance highlights the demand for optimization. By developing useful organic polymers, cyclodextrin architectures have been investigated to improve the performance of Li-based batteries. The macrocyclic oligosaccharides known as cyclodextrins (CDs) have relatively hydrophobic cavities that can enclose other molecules. There are many industries where this "host-guest" relationship has been found useful. The hydrogen bonding and suitable inner cavity diameter of CD have led to its selection as a lithium-ion diffusion channel. CDs have also been used as solid electrolytes for solid-state batteries and as separators and binders to ensure adhesion between electrode components. This review gives a general overview of CD-based materials and how they are used in battery components, highlighting their advantages.
PubMed: 37629831
DOI: 10.3390/ma16165540 -
Frontiers in Neuroscience 2023Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression alternating with periods of euthymia. Although... (Review)
Review
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of mania and depression alternating with periods of euthymia. Although environmental and genetic factors have been described, their pathogenesis is not fully understood. Much evidence suggests a role for inflammatory mediators and immune dysregulation in the development of BD. The first-line treatment in BD are mood-stabilizing agents, one of which is lithium (Li) salts. The Li mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it has been proposed that its robust immunomodulatory properties might be one of the mechanisms responsible for its effectiveness. In this article, the authors present the current knowledge about immune system changes accompanying BD, as well as the immunomodulatory effect of lithium. The results of studies describing connections between immune system changes and lithium effectiveness are often incoherent. Further research is needed to understand the connection between immune system modulation and the therapeutic action of lithium in BD.
PubMed: 37662097
DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1213766 -
ACS Materials Au Nov 2023As concerns about the availability of mineral resources for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) arise and demands for large-scale energy storage systems rapidly increase,... (Review)
Review
As concerns about the availability of mineral resources for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) arise and demands for large-scale energy storage systems rapidly increase, non-LIB technologies have been extensively explored as low-cost alternatives. Among the various candidates, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been the most widely studied, as they avoid the use of expensive and less abundant elements such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel while also sharing similar operating principles with LIBs. In this Perspective, we discuss why SIBs hold great promise and can act as competitors to lithium-ion technology. In addition, the remaining challenges and future research directions are highlighted, focusing on cathode developments and the use of SIBs in large-scale applications, including electric vehicles and stationary energy storage.
PubMed: 38089661
DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00049 -
Polymers May 2023Traditional lithium-air batteries (LABs) have been seriously affected by cycle performance and safety issues due to many problems such as the volatility and leakage of... (Review)
Review
Traditional lithium-air batteries (LABs) have been seriously affected by cycle performance and safety issues due to many problems such as the volatility and leakage of liquid organic electrolyte, the generation of interface byproducts, and short circuits caused by the penetration of anode lithium dendrite, which has hindered its commercial application and development. In recent years, the emergence of solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) for LABs well alleviated the above problems. SSEs can prevent moisture, oxygen, and other contaminants from reaching the lithium metal anode, and their inherent performance can solve the generation of lithium dendrites, making them potential candidates for the development of high energy density and safety LABs. This paper mainly reviews the research progress of SSEs for LABs, the challenges and opportunities for synthesis and characterization, and future strategies are addressed.
PubMed: 37299267
DOI: 10.3390/polym15112469 -
ACS Energy Letters Jun 2023Lithium-ion batteries continue to transform consumer electronics, mobility, and energy storage sectors, and the applications and demands for batteries keep growing.... (Review)
Review
Lithium-ion batteries continue to transform consumer electronics, mobility, and energy storage sectors, and the applications and demands for batteries keep growing. Supply limitations and costs may lead to counterfeit cells in the supply chain that could affect quality, safety, and reliability of batteries. Our research included studies of counterfeit and low-quality lithium-ion cells, and our observations on the differences between these and original ones, as well as the significant safety implications, are discussed. The counterfeit cells did not include internal protective devices such as the positive temperature coefficient or current interrupt devices that typically offer protection against external short circuits and overcharge conditions, respectively, in cells from original manufacturers. Poor-quality materials and lack of engineering knowledge were also evident on analyses of the electrodes and separators from low-quality manufacturers. When the low-quality cells were subjected to off-nominal conditions, they experienced high temperature, electrolyte leakage, thermal runaway, and fire. In contrast, the authentic lithium-ion cells performed as expected. Recommendations are provided to identify and avoid counterfeit and low-quality lithium-ion cells and batteries.
PubMed: 37324540
DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00724