-
The FEBS Journal Feb 2022The Par-3/Baz family of polarity determinants is highly conserved across metazoans and includes C. elegans PAR-3, Drosophila Bazooka (Baz), human Par-3 (PARD3), and... (Review)
Review
The Par-3/Baz family of polarity determinants is highly conserved across metazoans and includes C. elegans PAR-3, Drosophila Bazooka (Baz), human Par-3 (PARD3), and human Par-3-like (PARD3B). The C. elegans PAR-3 protein localises to the anterior pole of asymmetrically dividing zygotes with cell division cycle 42 (CDC42), atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), and PAR-6. The same C. elegans 'PAR complex' can also localise in an apical ring in epithelial cells. Drosophila Baz localises to the apical pole of asymmetrically dividing neuroblasts with Cdc42-aPKC-Par6, while in epithelial cells localises both in an apical ring with Cdc42-aPKC-Par6 and with E-cadherin at adherens junctions. These apical and junctional localisations have become separated in human PARD3, which is strictly apical in many epithelia, and human PARD3B, which is strictly junctional in many epithelia. We discuss the molecular basis for this fundamental difference in localisation, as well as the possible functions of Par-3/Baz family proteins as oligomeric clustering agents at the apical domain or at adherens junctions in epithelial stem cells. The evolution of Par-3 family proteins into distinct apical PARD3 and junctional PARD3B orthologs coincides with the emergence of stratified squamous epithelia in vertebrates, where PARD3B, but not PARD3, is strongly expressed in basal layer stem cells - which lack a typical apical domain. We speculate that PARD3B may contribute to clustering of E-cadherin, signalling from adherens junctions via Src family kinases or mitotic spindle orientation by adherens junctions in response to mechanical forces.
Topics: Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Cell Adhesion; Cell Cycle Proteins; Cell Polarity; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 33565714
DOI: 10.1111/febs.15754 -
European Radiology Experimental Jul 2022We retrospectively evaluated safety and performance of magnetic seed localisation of nonpalpable breast lesions. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
We retrospectively evaluated safety and performance of magnetic seed localisation of nonpalpable breast lesions.
METHODS
We reviewed records of patients with nonpalpable breast lesions preoperative localised by placing magnetic Magseed® marker between February 2019 and December 2020. During surgery, Sentimag® magnetic probe was used to localise the marker and guide surgery. Safety, lesion identification and excision with tumour with free margins and re-excision rate were assessed.
RESULTS
A total of 77 Magseed® devices were placed into the breasts of 73 patients, 44 under ultrasound and 33 under stereotactic guidance (4 bilateral). All devices were retrieved as were the target lesions. Magnetic marker placement was successful in all cases without any adverse event. Intraoperative identification and excision of the localised lesion were successful in 77 of 77 of cases (100%). In three cases (all of them calcifications with the seed placed under stereotactic guidance), the seed did not reach the exact target position of the biopsy clip; thus, larger excision was needed, with localisation failure attributed to incorrect clip insertion (n = 1) or to clip dislocation (n = 2). Migration of the marker was negligible in all patients. Complete excision after the initial procedure with at least 1-mm disease-free margins was obtained in 74 out of 77 (96.1%) lesions. The re-excision rate was 3 out of 77 (4%).
CONCLUSIONS
Magnetic marker localisation for nonpalpable breast lesions was safe, reliable, and effective in terms of lesion identification, excision with tumour-free margins and re-excision rate.
Topics: Breast; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Magnetic Phenomena; Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 35790602
DOI: 10.1186/s41747-022-00280-2 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... Sep 2020Along with increasing incidence of operable small pulmonary nodules, it becomes difficult to localize nodules via palpation. Accurate localization of small pulmonary... (Review)
Review
Along with increasing incidence of operable small pulmonary nodules, it becomes difficult to localize nodules via palpation. Accurate localization of small pulmonary nodules has remained a big challenge in lung surgery. Therefore, several techniques for preoperative localizing small pulmonary nodules have evolved, but the advantages and disadvantages of each method remain unclear. We reviewed computed tomography-guided percutaneous and bronchoscopic preoperative assisted localization for small pulmonary nodules. Original, peer-reviewed, and full-length articles in English and Chinese were searched with PubMed and Wanfang data. Case reports and case series with <20 patients were excluded. All localization techniques showed good reliability, but some carry a high rate of major or minor complications and drawbacks. No ideal localization technique is available; thus, the choice of preoperative assisted localization technique still depends on surgeons' preference and local availability of both specialists and instruments.
Topics: Consensus Development Conferences as Topic; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Multiple Pulmonary Nodules; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Preoperative Care; Solitary Pulmonary Nodule; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 33004736
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_449_20 -
Nuclear Medicine and Biology 2021In oncology, the holy grail of radiotherapy is specific radiation dose deposition in tumours with minimal healthy tissue toxicity. If used appropriately, injectable,... (Review)
Review
In oncology, the holy grail of radiotherapy is specific radiation dose deposition in tumours with minimal healthy tissue toxicity. If used appropriately, injectable, systemic radionuclide therapies could meet these criteria, even for treatment of micrometastases and single circulating tumour cells. The clinical use of α and β particle-emitting molecular radionuclide therapies is rising, however clinical translation of Auger electron-emitting radionuclides is hampered by uncertainty around their exact subcellular localisation, which in turn affects the accuracy of dosimetry. This review aims to discuss and compare the advantages and disadvantages of various subcellular localisation methods available to localise radiopharmaceuticals and radionuclides for in vitro investigations.
Topics: Alpha Particles; Radiation Dosage; Radiopharmaceuticals
PubMed: 33964707
DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.03.010 -
Il Giornale Di Chirurgia 2016Hydatid disease is an endemic anthropozoonosis with usual localization in liver and lungs. Rarely it localizes in uncommon sites as spleen, skeleton, kidney, brain,... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Hydatid disease is an endemic anthropozoonosis with usual localization in liver and lungs. Rarely it localizes in uncommon sites as spleen, skeleton, kidney, brain, cardiac muscle, peritoneum, sub cutis. Complications of uncommon localizations are the same that for usual ones.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Review of the literature on rare and atypical localization of hydatid cysts in soft tissues. Key-words used on Pub-Med [(echinococ OR hydatid) AND (soft tissue OR subcutaneous OR cutaneous)] without time limit. There were found 282 articles; 242 were excluded because of muscular or bone localizations. 40 were coherent.
RESULTS
Different variables are taken into account: age, sex, geographic area, anatomic localization of the cyst, dimension, symptoms, signs, mobility, blood exams and specific serological tests, imaging techniques for diagnosis, existing of septa in the structure, treatment, anaesthesia, spillage, neo-adjuvant and adjuvant treatment, follow-up period, recurrent lesions.
CONCLUSION
It would be useful create an homogeneous and standardized collection of data of these rare and potentially life-threatening conditions in order to create guide-line of diagnostic and therapeutic process and create (or adopt) unique classification of the lesions.
Topics: Africa, Northern; Brain Diseases; Echinococcosis; Echinococcosis, Hepatic; Endemic Diseases; Europe; Global Health; Humans; India; Iran; Kidney Diseases; Peritoneal Diseases; Saudi Arabia; Splenic Diseases
PubMed: 27938537
DOI: 10.11138/gchir/2016.37.4.180 -
Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 2021This article reviews the evolution and recent developments of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation using figure-eight coils to stimulate localized areas in the human... (Review)
Review
This article reviews the evolution and recent developments of transcranial magnetic brain stimulation using figure-eight coils to stimulate localized areas in the human brain. Geometric variations of figure-eight coils and their characteristics are reviewed and discussed for applications in neuroscience and medicine. Recent topics of figure-eight coils, such as focality of figure-eight coils, tradeoff between depth and focality, and approaches for extending depth, are discussed.
PubMed: 34975440
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.805971 -
RNA (New York, N.Y.) May 2024The mammalian mitochondrial proteome comprises over 1000 proteins, with the majority translated from nuclear-encoded messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Mounting evidence suggests... (Review)
Review
The mammalian mitochondrial proteome comprises over 1000 proteins, with the majority translated from nuclear-encoded messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Mounting evidence suggests many of these mRNAs are localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) in a pre- or cotranslational state. Upon reaching the mitochondrial surface, these mRNAs are locally translated to produce proteins that are cotranslationally imported into mitochondria. Here, we summarize various mechanisms cells use to localize RNAs, including transfer RNAs (tRNAs), to the OMM and recent technological advancements in the field to study these processes. While most early studies in the field were carried out in yeast, recent studies reveal RNA localization to the OMM and their regulation in higher organisms. Various factors regulate this localization process, including RNA sequence elements, RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), cytoskeletal motors, and translation machinery. In this review, we also highlight the role of RNA structures and modifications in mitochondrial RNA localization and discuss how these features can alter the binding properties of RNAs. Finally, in addition to RNAs related to mitochondrial function, RNAs involved in other cellular processes can also localize to the OMM, including those implicated in the innate immune response and piRNA biogenesis. As impairment of messenger RNA (mRNA) localization and regulation compromise mitochondrial function, future studies will undoubtedly expand our understanding of how RNAs localize to the OMM and investigate the consequences of their mislocalization in disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases, muscular dystrophies, and cancers.
Topics: Mitochondria; Humans; Animals; Mitochondrial Membranes; RNA, Mitochondrial; RNA-Binding Proteins; RNA, Messenger; RNA; RNA Transport; RNA, Transfer; Protein Biosynthesis; Mitochondrial Proteins
PubMed: 38448244
DOI: 10.1261/rna.079999.124 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Aug 2014Proteins of all living organisms must reach their subcellular destination to sustain the cell structure and function. The proteins are transported to one of the cellular... (Review)
Review
Proteins of all living organisms must reach their subcellular destination to sustain the cell structure and function. The proteins are transported to one of the cellular compartments, inserted into the membrane, or secreted across the membrane to the extracellular milieu. Cells have developed various mechanisms to transport proteins across membranes, among them localized translation. Evidence for targeting of Messenger RNA for the sake of translation of their respective protein products at specific subcellular sites in many eukaryotic model organisms have been accumulating in recent years. Cis-acting RNA localizing elements, termed RNA zip-codes, which are embedded within the mRNA sequence, are recognized by RNA-binding proteins, which in turn interact with motor proteins, thus coordinating the intracellular transport of the mRNA transcripts. Despite the rareness of conventional organelles, first and foremost a nucleus, pieces of evidence for mRNA localization to specific subcellular domains, where their protein products function, have also been obtained for prokaryotes. Although the underlying mechanisms for transcript localization in bacteria are yet to be unraveled, it is now obvious that intracellular localization of mRNA is a common mechanism to spatially localize proteins in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Protein trafficking and secretion in bacteria. Guest Editors: Anastassios Economou and Ross Dalbey.
Topics: Bacteria; Protein Biosynthesis; Protein Transport; RNA Transport; RNA, Messenger; RNA-Binding Proteins
PubMed: 24263243
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.11.004 -
Brain Communications 2022Semiology describes the evolution of symptoms and signs during epileptic seizures and contributes to the evaluation of individuals with focal drug-resistant epilepsy for...
Semiology describes the evolution of symptoms and signs during epileptic seizures and contributes to the evaluation of individuals with focal drug-resistant epilepsy for curative resection. Semiology varies in complexity from elementary sensorimotor seizures arising from primary cortex to complex behaviours and automatisms emerging from distributed cerebral networks. Detailed semiology interpreted by expert epileptologists may point towards the likely site of seizure onset, but this process is subjective. No study has captured the variances in semiological localizing values in a data-driven manner to allow objective and probabilistic determinations of implicated networks and nodes. We curated an open data set from the epilepsy literature, in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, linking semiology to hierarchical brain localizations. A total of 11 230 data points were collected from 4643 patients across 309 articles, labelled using ground truths (postoperative seizure-freedom, concordance of imaging and neurophysiology, and/or invasive EEG) and a designation method that distinguished between semiologies arising from a predefined cortical region and descriptions of neuroanatomical localizations responsible for generating a particular semiology. This allowed us to mitigate temporal lobe publication bias by filtering studies that preselected patients based on prior knowledge of their seizure foci. Using this data set, we describe the probabilistic landscape of semiological localizing values as forest plots at the resolution of seven major brain regions: temporal, frontal, cingulate, parietal, occipital, insula, and hypothalamus, and five temporal subregions. We evaluated the intrinsic value of any one semiology over all other ictal manifestations. For example, epigastric auras implicated the temporal lobe with 83% probability when not accounting for the publication bias that favoured temporal lobe epilepsies. Unbiased results for a prior distribution of cortical localizations revised the prevalence of temporal lobe epilepsies from 66% to 44%. Therefore, knowledge about the presence of epigastric auras updates localization to the temporal lobe with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.4 [CI (1.9, 2.9); and specifically, mesial temporal structures OR: 2.8 (2.3, 2.9)], attesting the value of epigastric auras. As a further example, although head version is thought to implicate the frontal lobes, it did not add localizing value compared with the prior distribution of cortical localizations [OR: 0.9 (0.7, 1.2)]. Objectification of the localizing values of the 12 most common semiologies provides a complementary view of brain dysfunction to that of lesion-deficit mappings, as instead of linking brain regions to phenotypic-deficits, semiological phenotypes are linked back to brain sources. This work enables coupling of seizure propagation with ictal manifestations, and clinical support algorithms for localizing seizure phenotypes.
PubMed: 35663381
DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac130