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Aging Aug 2011It has long been understood that many of the same manipulations that increase longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans also increase resistance to various acute stressors,... (Review)
Review
It has long been understood that many of the same manipulations that increase longevity in Caenorhabditis elegans also increase resistance to various acute stressors, and vice-versa; moreover these findings hold in more complex organisms as well. Nevertheless, the mechanistic relationship between these phenotypes remains unclear, and in many cases the overlap between stress resistance and longevity is inexact. Here we review the known connections between stress resistance and longevity, discuss instances in which these connections are absent, and summarize the theoretical explanations that have been posited for these phenomena.
Topics: Animals; Caenorhabditis elegans; Gene Expression Regulation; Hot Temperature; Longevity; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 21937765
DOI: 10.18632/aging.100367 -
Medicina 2013
Topics: Genome, Human; Humans; Longevity
PubMed: 23335715
DOI: No ID Found -
Ageing Research Reviews Sep 2017Research into the genetic component of human longevity can provide important insights in mechanisms that may protect against age-related diseases and multi-morbidity.... (Review)
Review
Research into the genetic component of human longevity can provide important insights in mechanisms that may protect against age-related diseases and multi-morbidity. Thus far only a limited number of robust longevity loci have been detected in either candidate or genome wide association studies. One of the issues in these genetic studies is the definition of the trait being either lifespan, including any age at death or longevity, i.e. survival above a diverse series of thresholds. Likewise heritability and segregation research have conflated lifespan with longevity. The heritability of lifespan estimated across most studies has been rather low. Environmental factors have not been sufficiently investigated and the total amount of genetic variance contributing to longevity has not been estimated in sufficiently well-defined and powered studies. Up to now, genetic longevity studies lack the required insights into the nature and size of the genetic component and the optimal strategies for meta-analysis and subject selection for Next Generation Sequencing efforts. Historical demographic data containing deep genealogical information may help in estimating the best definition and heritability for longevity, its transmission patterns in multi-generational datasets and may allow relevant additive and modifying environmental factors such as socio-economic status, geographical background, exposure to environmental effects, birth order, and number of children to be included. In this light historical demographic data may be very useful for identifying lineages in human populations that are worth investigating further by geneticists.
Topics: Demography; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Variation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Inheritance Patterns; Life Expectancy; Longevity; Phenotype
PubMed: 28689042
DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.06.005 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2023We have shown before that at least one intracellular proteolytic system seems to be at least as abundant in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of centenarians as in the... (Review)
Review
We have shown before that at least one intracellular proteolytic system seems to be at least as abundant in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of centenarians as in the same cells of young individuals (with the cells of the elderly population showing a significant dip compared to both young and centenarian cohorts). Despite scarce published data, in this review, we tried to answer the question how do different types of cells of longevous people-nonagenarians to (semi)supercentenarians-maintain the quality and quantity of their structural and functional proteins? Specifically, we asked if more robust proteodynamics participate in longevity. We hypothesized that at least some factors controlling the maintenance of cellular proteomes in centenarians will remain at the "young" level (just performing better than in the average elderly). In our quest, we considered multiple aspects of cellular protein maintenance (proteodynamics), including the quality of transcribed DNA, its epigenetic changes, fidelity and quantitative features of transcription of both mRNA and noncoding RNAs, the process of translation, posttranslational modifications leading to maturation and functionalization of nascent proteins, and, finally, multiple facets of the process of elimination of misfolded, aggregated, and otherwise dysfunctional proteins (autophagy). We also included the status of mitochondria, especially production of ATP necessary for protein synthesis and maintenance. We found that with the exception of the latter and of chaperone function, practically all of the considered aspects did show better performance in centenarians than in the average elderly, and most of them approached the levels/activities seen in the cells of young individuals.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Humans; Centenarians; Longevity
PubMed: 36769212
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032888 -
Aging Jan 2022
Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Gene Expression Regulation; Longevity; Metallothionein
PubMed: 35027505
DOI: 10.18632/aging.203831 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2017Several pathologies such as neurodegeneration and cancer are associated with aging, which is affected by many genetic and environmental factors. Healthy aging conceives... (Review)
Review
Several pathologies such as neurodegeneration and cancer are associated with aging, which is affected by many genetic and environmental factors. Healthy aging conceives human longevity, possibly due to carrying the defensive genes. For instance, FOXO (forkhead box O) genes determine human longevity. FOXO transcription factors are involved in the regulation of longevity phenomenon via insulin and insulin-like growth factor signaling. Only one FOXO gene (FOXO DAF-16) exists in invertebrates, while four FOXO genes, that is, FOXO1, FOXO3, FOXO4, and FOXO6 are found in mammals. These four transcription factors are involved in the multiple cellular pathways, which regulate growth, stress resistance, metabolism, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis in mammals. However, the accurate mode of longevity by FOXO factors is unclear until now. This article describes briefly the existing knowledge that is related to the role of FOXO factors in human longevity.
Topics: Forkhead Transcription Factors; Humans; Longevity; Oxidative Stress; Phosphorylation; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 28894507
DOI: 10.1155/2017/3494289 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2023Trees are unique in terms of development, sustainability and longevity. Some species have a record lifespan in the living world, reaching several millennia. The aim of... (Review)
Review
Trees are unique in terms of development, sustainability and longevity. Some species have a record lifespan in the living world, reaching several millennia. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees. In this review, we have focused on the genetic aspects of longevity of a few well-studied forest tree species, such as , , and , , and , as well as on interspecific genetic traits associated with plant longevity. A key trait associated with plant longevity is the enhanced immune defense, with the increase in gene families such as , and in the expansion of the disease resistance families in species and the steady expression of R-genes in . A high copy number ratio of the family genes involved in DNA repair and defense response was found in , and . An increase in the number of copies of the epigenetic regulators (maintenance of meristems and genome integrity) and (antiviral protection) was also found in long-lived trees. CHG methylation gradually declines in the gene in , a conservative age biomarker in conifers, as the age increases. It was shown in that grafting, cutting and pruning change the expression of age-related genes and rejuvenate plants. Thus, the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of longevity in forest trees were considered, among which there are both general and individual processes.
Topics: Trees; Longevity; Forests; Tracheophyta; Pinus
PubMed: 37373550
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210403 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Jun 2018Biogerontology is the study of the biological basis of ageing and age-related diseases. The phenomenon and the process of ageing are well understood in evolutionary and... (Review)
Review
Biogerontology is the study of the biological basis of ageing and age-related diseases. The phenomenon and the process of ageing are well understood in evolutionary and biological terms; and a conceptual framework has been established within which general principles of ageing and longevity can be formulated. The phenotype of ageing in terms of progressive loss of physical function and fitness is best seen during the period of survival after the evolution-determined essential lifespan (ELS) of a species. However, the ageing phenotype is highly heterogenous and individualistic at all levels from the whole body to the molecular one. Most significantly, the process and the progression of ageing are not determined by any specific gerontogenes. Ageing is the result of imperfect maintenance and repair systems that allow a progressive shrinkage of the homeodynamic space of an individual. The challenge is to develop and apply wholistic approaches to the complex trait of ageing for maintaining and/or improving health. One such approach is that of mild stress-induced physiological hormesis by physical, mental and nutritional hormetins. Biogerontological research offers numerous opportunities for developing evidence-based novel biomedical technologies for maintaining and improving health, for preventing the onset of age-related diseases, and for extending the health-span.
Topics: Aging; Epigenesis, Genetic; Geriatrics; Humans; Longevity
PubMed: 29957767
DOI: 10.23750/abm.v89i2.7403 -
Aging Aug 2019
Topics: Aging; Animals; Drosophila; Humans; Longevity; Models, Biological; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 31377746
DOI: 10.18632/aging.102143 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Apr 2011Average lifespan has increased over the last centuries, as a consequence of medical and environmental factors, but maximal life span remains unchanged. Better... (Review)
Review
Average lifespan has increased over the last centuries, as a consequence of medical and environmental factors, but maximal life span remains unchanged. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of aging and determinants of life span will help to reduce age-related morbidity and facilitate healthy aging. Extension of maximal life span is currently possible in animal models with measures such as genetic manipulations and caloric restriction (CR). CR appears to prolong life by reducing oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed to cause deleterious effects on DNA, proteins, and lipids, and generation of these highly reactive molecules takes place in the mitochondria. But ROS is positively implicated in cellular stress defense mechanisms and formation of ROS a highly regulated process controlled by a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways. There are endogenous anti-oxidant defense systems that have the potential to partially counteract ROS impact. In this review, we will describe pathways contributing to the regulation of the age-related decline in mitochondrial function and their impact on longevity. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria: the deadly organelle.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Longevity; Mitochondria; Oxidative Stress; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 21295080
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.01.029