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PM & R : the Journal of Injury,... May 2013Neuropathies that affect the lower limbs are often encountered after trauma or iatrogenic injury or by entrapment at areas of anatomic restriction. Symptoms may... (Review)
Review
Neuropathies that affect the lower limbs are often encountered after trauma or iatrogenic injury or by entrapment at areas of anatomic restriction. Symptoms may initially be masked by concomitant trauma or recovery from surgical procedures. The nerves that serve the lower extremities arise from the lumbosacral plexus, formed by the L2-S2 nerve roots. The major nerves that supply the lower extremities are the femoral, obturator, lateral femoral cutaneous, and the peroneal (fibular) and tibial, which arise from the sciatic nerve, and the superior and inferior gluteal nerves. An understanding of the motor and sensory functions of these nerves is critical in recognizing and localizing nerve injury. Electrodiagnostic studies are an important diagnostic tool. A well-designed electromyography study can help confirm and localize a nerve lesion, assess severity, and evaluate for other peripheral nerve lesions, such as plexopathy or radiculopathy.
Topics: Electrodiagnosis; Humans; Lower Extremity; Lumbosacral Plexus; Nerve Compression Syndromes; Risk Factors
PubMed: 23542774
DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2013.03.029 -
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine Feb 2021Fecal incontinence can be a challenging and stigmatizing disease with a high prevalence in the elderly population. Despite effective treatment options, most patients do... (Review)
Review
Fecal incontinence can be a challenging and stigmatizing disease with a high prevalence in the elderly population. Despite effective treatment options, most patients do not receive care. Clues in the history and physical examination can assist the provider in establishing the diagnosis. Direct inquiry about the presence of incontinence is key. Bowel disturbances are common triggers for symptoms and represent some of the easiest treatment targets. We review the epidemiology and impact of the disease, delineate a diagnostic and treatment approach for primary care physicians to identify patients with suspected fecal incontinence and describe appropriate treatment options.
Topics: Aged; Algorithms; Anal Canal; Diarrhea; Fecal Incontinence; Humans; Lumbosacral Plexus; Pain; Pelvic Floor; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33213775
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2020.08.006 -
Minerva Anestesiologica Jan 2018Ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block (LPB) performed with the Shamrock approach has received much interest since the technique was first described in 2013. The... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Ultrasound-guided lumbar plexus block (LPB) performed with the Shamrock approach has received much interest since the technique was first described in 2013. The technique is believed to be faster and easier to perform and possibly safer in regards to potential complications compared with other LPBs. In order to outline some favorable characteristics of the Shamrock LPB, we performed an exhaustive search of the current literature; even though it is rather limited. We have related the evidence to our own clinical experience about the block execution. We present a narrative review of the alleged superiority of the ultrasound-guided Shamrock LPB. Our aim was to assess some of the characteristics that we believe differentiate the Shamrock technique from other ultrasound-guided LPB techniques. We present graphical directions about how to carry out the Shamrock block, and we present novel magnetic resonance images illustrating the injectate spread around the lumbar plexus within the intrapsoas compartment after Shamrock guided injection of contrast enhanced local anesthetic. The Shamrock approach is easier, faster and better to visualise the LPB compared to other LPB techniques. The needle trajectory and needle tip location just lateral to the lumbar plexus probably reduces the risk of adverse effects and complications. Ultrasound guided lumbar plexus blockade is an expert technique. The Shamrock technique improves but does not eliminate all the challenges of ultrasound-guided LPB technique.
Topics: Humans; Lumbosacral Plexus; Nerve Block; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 28749094
DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.17.11783-9 -
International Journal of Rheumatology 2020Lumbar disc degeneration is defined as the wear and tear of lumbar intervertebral disc, and it is mainly occurring at L3-L4 and L4-S1 vertebrae. Lumbar disc degeneration... (Review)
Review
Lumbar disc degeneration is defined as the wear and tear of lumbar intervertebral disc, and it is mainly occurring at L3-L4 and L4-S1 vertebrae. Lumbar disc degeneration may lead to disc bulging, osteophytes, loss of disc space, and compression and irritation of the adjacent nerve root. Clinical presentations associated with lumbar disc degeneration and lumbosacral nerve lesion are discogenic pain, radical pain, muscular weakness, and cutaneous. Discogenic pain is usually felt in the lumbar region, or sometimes, it may feel in the buttocks, down to the upper thighs, and it is typically presented with sudden forced flexion and/or rotational moment. Radical pain, muscular weakness, and sensory defects associated with lumbosacral nerve lesions are distributed on lower extremities, the buttock, lower abdomen, and groin region. A lumbosacral plexus lesion presents different symptoms in the territories of the lumbar and sacral nerves. Patients with lumbar plexus lesion clinically present with weakness of hip flexion, knee extension, thigh adduction, and sensory loss in the lower abdomen, inguinal region, and over the entire medial, lateral, and anterior surfaces of the thigh and the medial lower leg, while sacral plexus lesion presents clinical symptoms at nerve fibers destined for the sciatic nerve, common peroneal nerve, and pudendal nerve. Weakness of ankle inversion, plantar flexion, and foot drop are the main clinical manifestations of the sacral plexus lesion area. Numbness and decreased sensation are also present along the anterolateral calf and dorsum of the foot. On examination, foot eversion is usually stronger than foot dorsiflexion. The patients may also present with pain and difficulty of bowel movements, sexual dysfunction assessments, and loss of cutaneous sensation in the areas of the anal canal, anus, labia major, labia minor, clitoris, penis, and scrotum.
PubMed: 32908535
DOI: 10.1155/2020/2919625 -
Minerva Anestesiologica Sep 2005Sensory and motor innervation of the whole lower limb is due to lumbo-sacral-plexus that arises from the spinal roots L1-S3. The whole lower limb can be blocked from its... (Review)
Review
Sensory and motor innervation of the whole lower limb is due to lumbo-sacral-plexus that arises from the spinal roots L1-S3. The whole lower limb can be blocked from its origin to the foot for surgical procedures or for postoperative analgesia. Single or continuous lumbar plexus blockade can be an alternative to general anesthesia and central block in elective and traumatic hip or femur repair, for knee surgery and for postoperative analgesia. To understand the relative plexus depth and the relationship between the plexus and the closer structure in order to avoid complicance, the aid of imaging technique such as CT-scan, MRI and ultrasounds can be considered.
Topics: Anesthesia, Spinal; Humans; Lumbosacral Plexus
PubMed: 16166916
DOI: No ID Found -
Disease Markers 2022The incidence rate of lower limb fractures is high and has increased over the recent years, which affects the physical and mental health and the daily activities of...
The incidence rate of lower limb fractures is high and has increased over the recent years, which affects the physical and mental health and the daily activities of patients. Lower limb fractures are often treated surgically. Therefore, an effective anesthesia regimen is crucial for a smooth and stable operation. To investigate the efficacy of posterior lumbar plexus block anesthesia during surgery for elderly patients with lower extremity fractures. In total, patients were divided into study and control groups. Anesthesia was administered by posterior lumbar plexus nerve block in the study group and epidural anesthesia in the control group. Hemodynamic parameters, anesthesia condition, pain level (VAS), and adverse effects were measured in both groups before anesthesia (T0), at anesthesia induction (T1), 30 min into the operation (T2), and at the end of the operation (T3). At T0, there were no significant differences in MAP and HR between the study and control groups. However, MAP and HR in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group at T1, T2, and T3. The BIS value of the study group at each time point after anesthesia was significantly lower than that of the control group. The onset and induction time of anesthesia in the study group were also significantly shorter than those in the control group. Preoperative VAS scores did not differ between the study and control groups. However, the VAS scores of the study group at each time point were significantly lower than those of the control group. There was no significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions between the two groups. Our results suggest that anesthesia with posterior lumbar plexus block surgery for lower extremity fractures in elderly patients can maintain hemodynamic stability and reduce block onset time, anesthesia induction time, and pain.
Topics: Aged; Anesthesia, General; Humans; Lower Extremity; Lumbosacral Plexus; Nerve Block; Pain
PubMed: 35769817
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8494796 -
Journal of Medical Ultrasound 2022Ultrasound (US)-guided lumbar plexus block (LPB) could be technically challenging in elderly patients. The lumbar paravertebral sonoanatomy is undescribed in the...
BACKGROUND
Ultrasound (US)-guided lumbar plexus block (LPB) could be technically challenging in elderly patients. The lumbar paravertebral sonoanatomy is undescribed in the elderly. In an attempt to understand the relevant sonoanatomy, identify the lumbar plexus elements, and understand the difficulties that encountered while performing LPB in elderly patients, we retrospectively analyzed US of 23 elderly patients who were administered US-guided LPBs.
METHODS
After institutional ethics committee approval, we retrospectively reviewed stored US images of lumbar paravertebral sonoanatomy in 23 elderly patients and analyzed psoas major muscle, lumbar vertebral body, lumbar nerve, and lumbar artery.
RESULTS
On US examination, features of psoas major muscle, lumbar vertebral body, lumbar nerve, and lumbar artery were noted and analyzed.
CONCLUSION
US-guided visualization of the components of the lumbar paravertebral area is difficult and inconsistent in the elderly. Therefore, we suggest performing a scout scan, identify the structures, and use neurostimulation all the time for performing LPB in these patients.
PubMed: 35465591
DOI: 10.4103/JMU.JMU_174_20 -
International Braz J Urol : Official... 2021
Topics: Electric Stimulation Therapy; Humans; Lumbosacral Plexus; Sacrum; Urinary Bladder, Overactive
PubMed: 33621015
DOI: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2021.99.08 -
Tidsskrift For Den Norske Laegeforening... Jun 2011Sacral nerve stimulation implies electrical stimulation of a sacral nerve root by an electrode and a pacemaker. Within the past few years, sacral nerve stimulation has... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Sacral nerve stimulation implies electrical stimulation of a sacral nerve root by an electrode and a pacemaker. Within the past few years, sacral nerve stimulation has become a possible treatment option for selected patients with urinary retention, urinary incontinence, anal incontinence and constipation. The method is furthermore being tested for several other conditions.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The article presents the method and treatment results following various indications based on the authors' own experience and non-systematic PubMed search.
RESULTS
During a test period an external pacemaker is used for 3-30 days, with length of test differing according to the indication. A positive test (improvement of symptoms by 50 % or more) is achieved by 70-90 % of patients with anal incontinence, 70 % with urinary non-obstructive retention, 52-77 % with urinary urge incontinence and 43-72 % with constipation. Sacral nerve stimulation may also be effective in patients with chronic pelvic pain. Following implantation of a pacemaker a sustainable effect is seen in 50-90 % of patients with a positive test. Up to 75 % of patients will need repeated follow-up including pacemaker reprogramming or reoperations due to diminished effect. The longevity of the pacemaker is 3-10 years, and it must be replaced operatively when the battery has depleted.
INTERPRETATION
Treatment with sacral nerve stimulation may be efficient over time in patients with various pelvic floor dysfunctions, especially anal incontinence and non-obstructive urinary retention. Most of the patients will need close follow-up in order to maintain an optimal result.
Topics: Constipation; Electric Stimulation Therapy; Fecal Incontinence; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Implantable Neurostimulators; Lumbosacral Plexus; Treatment Outcome; Urinary Incontinence; Urinary Retention
PubMed: 21694745
DOI: 10.4045/tidsskr.10.1417