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Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica.... 1991This presentation was intended as a brief review of two principally different approaches to studies on pulmonary lymphatic drainage. When selecting an experimental... (Review)
Review
This presentation was intended as a brief review of two principally different approaches to studies on pulmonary lymphatic drainage. When selecting an experimental model, we have to choose between either sampling of pure lung lymph thereby sacrificing information about whole organ fluid balance, or emphasize dynamic fluid balance for the whole lung at the expense of obtaining pure lung lymph. Both approaches can be seen as fruitful and complementary strategies to obtain relevant information on pulmonary pathophysiology.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Lung; Lymph; Sheep
PubMed: 1927228
DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-6576.1991.tb03400.x -
Clinics in Dermatology 1995
Review
Topics: Animals; Humans; Lymph; Lymphatic System; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 8665452
DOI: 10.1016/0738-081x(95)00089-x -
Life Sciences Oct 1981
Review
Topics: Animals; Blood Cells; Coronary Circulation; Heart; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Ions; Lymph; Lymphatic System; Membranes; Myocardium; Proteins; Time Factors
PubMed: 7029185
DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(81)90249-6 -
Seminars in Immunology Apr 1999Lymphocytes are mobile cells, continually recirculating between the blood and the tissues via the lymph. In order to maintain immune surveillance, the majority of... (Review)
Review
Lymphocytes are mobile cells, continually recirculating between the blood and the tissues via the lymph. In order to maintain immune surveillance, the majority of lymphocyte traffic occurs through lymph nodes in vivo. Although a great deal of work has been done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms whereby lymphocytes leave the blood and enter the lymph node, lymphocyte traffic also requires that the lymphocyte successfully transit extravascular tissue and enter the lymph following transendothelial migration. The regulation of cell movement through lymph nodes, specific cellular positioning within the nodes, and eventual entry into the efferent lymphatics are poorly understood. The process of lymphocyte recirculation occurs in a physiological background, and in vivo systems have been particularly useful in uncovering the nuances of the process. This review summarizes available data about the recirculation of lymphocytes through the lymph node and the interaction of recirculating lymphocyte pools in vivo. The importance of factors in afferent lymph, the specific distribution of extracellular matrix proteins, potential soluble regulators of cell traffic, and evidence for an active role of lymphatic endothelial cells in the regulation of lymphocyte traffic are discussed. It seems likely that future work will need to be directed at determining the relative importance of these post-transendothelial migration regulators of lymphocyte traffic.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Humans; Lymph; Lymph Nodes; Lymphocytes
PubMed: 10329494
DOI: 10.1006/smim.1999.0163 -
Postepy Higieny I Medycyny... 1995The lymph plasma contains various chemical constituents filtered out from the blood capillaries and metabolic or secretory products of tissue itself, and differs from... (Review)
Review
The lymph plasma contains various chemical constituents filtered out from the blood capillaries and metabolic or secretory products of tissue itself, and differs from tissue fluid. The various organs of the body contribute in very distinct manners to flow and composition of this main lymph. The paper presents review of the literature concerning the data on the role of lymph flow and lymph biochemistry.
Topics: Animals; Blood Circulation; Female; Humans; Lymph; Lymphatic Diseases; Pregnancy
PubMed: 8657636
DOI: No ID Found -
JOP : Journal of the Pancreas Jul 2007Toxic factors released from the intestine have been implicated in the pathophysiology of severe acute illness, including acute pancreatitis, trauma and hemorrhagic... (Review)
Review
Toxic factors released from the intestine have been implicated in the pathophysiology of severe acute illness, including acute pancreatitis, trauma and hemorrhagic shock, and burns. Toxic factors in mesenteric lymph may induce an inflammatory systemic response while bypassing the portal circulation and liver. This paper reviews current knowledge of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of mesenteric lymph and focuses on factors influencing its composition and flow, and potential therapeutic interventions. A search of the Ovid MEDLINE database up until the end of January 2006 yielded 1,761 relevant publications, the references of which were then searched manually to identify further related publications. A wide range of factors potentially affecting mesenteric lymph flow and composition were identified. Targeted interventions have been similarly broad, including medical therapy, nutritional support and surgery. Of the available surgical interventions, thoracic duct external drainage has been the most widely studied. This systematic review highlights significant gaps in our present understanding of the role of mesenteric lymph in health and disease. Further research is needed to identify factors responsible for the generation of biologically active mesenteric lymph, the role of agents modulating its flow and composition, the importance of intrinsic pump activity, the potential therapeutic role of lipophilic antioxidant agents, the comparative effects of low-fat enteral nutrition and standard enteral nutrition, and the therapeutic outcomes of thoracic duct ligation versus thoracic duct external drainage.
Topics: Acute Disease; Critical Illness; Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Drainage; Enteral Nutrition; Humans; Intestines; Ischemia; Ligation; Lymph; Lymphatic System; Mesentery; Pancreatitis; Shock, Hemorrhagic; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 17625290
DOI: No ID Found -
Trends in Immunology Jan 2011Prenodal lymph is generated from the interstitial fluid that surrounds organs, and thus contains products of organ metabolism and catabolism. New proteomic analyses of...
Prenodal lymph is generated from the interstitial fluid that surrounds organs, and thus contains products of organ metabolism and catabolism. New proteomic analyses of lymph have identified proteins and peptides that are derived from capillary extravasation and tissue-specific proteins. Many of these peptides are detected at nanomolar concentrations in the lymph before passage through a regional lymph node. Before entering the node and once inside, proteins and processed peptides are filtered from the lymph by circulating immature dendritic cells (DCs) or non-activated nodal antigen-presenting cells (APCs) (macrophages, B cells and immature DCs). Here, we suggest that this process ensures organ-specific self-antigens are displayed to circulating and nodal APCs, thus contributing to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
Topics: Animals; Autoantigens; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Lymph; Lymphatic System; Major Histocompatibility Complex; Peptides; Proteome
PubMed: 21123113
DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2010.10.004 -
Journal of Clinical Chemistry and... Jun 1983Lymph is the minute net volume of contending hydrostatic and osmotic capillary forces. It is built up extravasculary in tissues and reaches the intravasal space by... (Review)
Review
Lymph is the minute net volume of contending hydrostatic and osmotic capillary forces. It is built up extravasculary in tissues and reaches the intravasal space by definite lymph collecting vessels, which enter the venous system at the angulus venosus at the root of the neck. Sampling methods for lymph from individual tissues or from lymph collecting vessels of man and various animals are cited and the preparation of lymph for enzymatic analysis is described. The extracellular distribution and transport of enzymes is important for diagnostic enzymology, because enzymes released from cells in continuous physiological processes, or after injury to the tissue, reach the intravasal space mainly via the lymphatics. This is evident from the high lymph-plasma ratios of diagnostically important enzymes. The type of enzyme transport (lymphatic or by direct interstitial-venous entry) depends on the heterogeneity of the capillary barrier characteristic of the different organs. The permeability is extremely high in liver, i.e. enzymes in hepatic lymph originate mainly from blood, which they have reached through the large openings in the sinusoidal endothelial lining; in contrast the permeability is extremely low in skeletal muscle, where lymphatic transport therefore predominates. The phenomenon of increased enzyme activities in plasma after physical exertion is explained by alterations of lymph flow. A table gives a survey of enzyme activities, lymph-plasma quotients, and lymph flow from lymph vessels of various tissues as well as from the lymph collecting vessels of man and animals, with comments on the signficance for diagnostic enzymology.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Dogs; Humans; Indicators and Reagents; Lymph; Mice; Organ Specificity; Rabbits; Rats; Sheep; Species Specificity
PubMed: 6350528
DOI: No ID Found -
The International Journal of... Jul 2004Embedded into the wall of collecting lymphatic vessels and trunks, the lymphatic smooth muscles are cardinal to the functions of the lymphatic system. Their intrinsic... (Review)
Review
Embedded into the wall of collecting lymphatic vessels and trunks, the lymphatic smooth muscles are cardinal to the functions of the lymphatic system. Their intrinsic contractile property--the intrinsic lymph pump--through rhythmical and phasic contractions of the vessels, represents the principal mechanism by which lymph flow is generated. Through changes in tonic constrictions, lymphatic smooth muscles also modulate lymph flow resistance. Lymphatic smooth muscles are sensitive to physical and chemical stimuli, mediating changes in their activity and modulating lymphatic drainage. Because lymphatic smooth muscles play such an important role in fluid transport, their dysfunction may be a component of many inflammatory disease states. This review presents recent findings on the physiology and cellular biology of lymphatic smooth muscles and discusses the importance of these cells for the function of the lymphatic system in physiological and pathophysiological situations.
Topics: Humans; Inflammation; Lymph; Lymphatic Vessels; Muscle Contraction; Muscle, Smooth
PubMed: 15109561
DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2003.12.008 -
International Review of Cytology 2000Dendritic cells (DC) are bone-marrow-derived cells that function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). Liver is an essential organ for a host defense. It not... (Review)
Review
Dendritic cells (DC) are bone-marrow-derived cells that function as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC). Liver is an essential organ for a host defense. It not only is armed with a powerful macrophage system but also is constantly surveyed by a heavy traffic of DC and lymphocytes. In case of emergency, such as infection and inflammation, DC traffic in the liver is accelerated. DC in the liver (interstitial DC) capture and process antigens, enter the draining lymph (DC in hepatic lymph) and accumulate in the T-cell area of hepatic lymph nodes (LN). DC in the LN present antigens to T and B cells to initiate immune responses. In accelerated states, DC precursors are recruited to the liver and soon translocate to hepatic lymph. Even mature lymph DC can undergo a blood-lymph translocation from the liver to hepatic LN after i.v. injection into normal rats. Rat Kupffer cells in the hepatic sinusoids are capable of selectively trapping DC from the blood in vivo and in vitro, suggesting involvement of certain adhesion molecules. Kupffer cells presumably elaborate chemokines to attract and trap the recruited DC via selective adhesion, leading to DC extravasation. The accelerated traffic and the presence of blood-lymph translocation would induce rapid and efficient immune responses and thus contribute to the local defense to antigens within liver tissues as well as systemic defense to blood-borne antigens. DC progenitors are also present in the liver, and these may play an important role in tolerance induction in liver transplantation.
Topics: Animals; Dendritic Cells; Humans; Liver; Lymph
PubMed: 10761116
DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)97003-7