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The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2007Infection with head lice is a widespread condition in developed and developing countries. Infection occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults. If left... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Infection with head lice is a widespread condition in developed and developing countries. Infection occurs most commonly in children, but also affects adults. If left untreated the condition can become intensely irritating and skin infections may occur if the bites are scratched.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this review was to assess the effects of interventions for head lice.
SEARCH STRATEGY
Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group specialized trials register (July 2002); The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 2, 2002); MEDLINE and TOXLINE (1966 to July 2002); EMBASE (1980 to May 2002); LILACS (July 2002); Science Citation Index (1981 to July 2002); BIOSIS (1985 to July 2002); reference lists of relevant articles; pharmaceutical companies producing pediculicides (published and unpublished trials); UK and US Regulatory Authorities.
SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised trials (published and unpublished) or trials using alternate allocation were sought which compared pediculicides with the same and different formulations of other pediculicides, and pediculicides with physical methods.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Of the 71 identified studies, only four met the inclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality. One reviewer extracted the data.
MAIN RESULTS
We found no evidence that any one pediculicide has greater effect than another. The two studies comparing malathion and permethrin with their respective vehicles showed a higher cure rate for the active ingredient than the vehicle. Another study comparing synergised pyrethrins with permethrin showed their effects to be equivalent. A comparative trial of malathion lotion vs combing, showed combing to be ineffective for the cureative treatment of head lice infection. Adverse effects were reported in a number of trials and were all minor, although reporting quality varied between trials.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
Permethrin, synergised pyrethrin and malathion were effective in the treatment of head lice. However, the emergence of drug resistance since these trials were conducted means there is no direct contemporary evidence of the comparative effectiveness of these products. The 'best' choice will now depend on local resistance patterns. Physical treatment methods(BugBusting) were shown ot be ineffective to treat head lice. No evidence exists regarding other chemical control methods such as the use of herbal treatments, when used in the curative treatment of head lice. Future trials should take into account the methodological recommendations that arise from this review.
Topics: Adult; Animals; Antiparasitic Agents; Carbaryl; Health Education; Humans; Hygiene; Lice Infestations; Malathion; Pediculus; Permethrin; Phytotherapy; Pyrethrins; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 17636657
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001165.pub2 -
Journal of Toxicology 2021An experiment was conducted to assess malathion-induced hematological responses of (silver barb) and its recovery patterns in malathion-free water. Fish (45 days old)...
An experiment was conducted to assess malathion-induced hematological responses of (silver barb) and its recovery patterns in malathion-free water. Fish (45 days old) were exposed to two sublethal concentrations, namely, 25% and 50% (i.e., 3.78 and 7.56 ppm) of LC (15.13 ppm) of malathion for 28 days, followed by a postexposure recovery period for the same time. The hematological parameters were examined after 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of exposure as well as after the postexposure recovery time. Except in the case of the control group (0% of malathion), the obtained results revealed that malathion exposure resulted in significantly ( < 0.05) higher prevalence and severity of micronucleus and lower values of Hb, PCV, and RBC and significantly higher values of WBC in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The values of blood glucose, MCV, MCH, and MCHC showed mixed trends during the experiment. During the recovery period, all blood parameters (micronucleus, glucose, Hb, PCV, RBC, WBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC) partially recovered, which means that the recovery period was not long enough for the organisms to recover from the previous exposure. The study thus confirms that hematology is a sensitive indicator for fish to detect toxicity caused by different chemicals. Changes in these parameters can provide useful information about environmental conditions and risk assessment of aquatic organisms.
PubMed: 34970313
DOI: 10.1155/2021/9417380 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022The spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors is a major threat affecting the performance of current control measures. However, there is still not enough...
Bendiocarb and Malathion Resistance in Two Major Malaria Vector Populations in Cameroon Is Associated with High Frequency of the G119S Mutation (Ace-1) and Overexpression of Detoxification Genes.
The spread of pyrethroid resistance in malaria vectors is a major threat affecting the performance of current control measures. However, there is still not enough information on the resistance profile of mosquitoes to carbamates and organophosphates which could be used as alternatives. The present study assessed the resistance profile of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to bendiocarb and malathion, at the phenotypic and molecular levels, in different eco-epidemiological settings in Cameroon. Anopheles gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were collected from four eco-epidemiological settings across the country and their susceptibility level to bendiocarb and malathion was determined using WHO tubes bioassays. The ace-1 target site G119S mutation was screened by PCR. Reverse Transcription quantitative PCR 3-plex TaqMan assays were used to quantify the level of expression of eight genes associated with metabolic resistance. Resistance to malathion and/or bendiocarb was recorded in all study sites except in mosquitoes collected in Kaélé and Njombé. The Ace-1 (G119S) mutation was detected in high frequencies (>40%) in Kékem and Santchou. Both An. gambiae and An. coluzzii were detected carrying this mutation. The cytochrome P450s gene Cyp6p3 associated with carbamate resistance and the glutathione S-transferase gene Gste2 associated with organophosphate resistance were found to be overexpressed. Genes associated with pyrethroid (Cyp6m2, Cyp9k1, Cyp6p3) and organochlorine (Gste2, Cyp6z1, Cyp6m2) and cuticle resistance (Cyp4g16) were also overexpressed. The rapid spread of resistance to organophosphates and carbamates could seriously compromise future control strategies based on IRS. It is therefore becoming important to assess the magnitude of bendiocarb and malathion resistance countrywide.
PubMed: 35894047
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080824 -
Biomaterials Aug 2022Malathion is an organophosphate chemical (OPC) and a toxic contaminant that adversely impacts food quality, human health, biodiversity, and the environment. Due to its...
Malathion is an organophosphate chemical (OPC) and a toxic contaminant that adversely impacts food quality, human health, biodiversity, and the environment. Due to its small size and unavailability of sensitive sensors, detection of malathion remains a challenging task. Often chromatographic methods employed to analyze OPCs suffer from several shortcomings, including cost, immobility, laboriousness, and unsuitability for point-of-care settings. Hence, developing a specific and sensitive diagnostic sensor for quick and inexpensive food testing is essential. We discovered four unique malathion-specific ssDNA aptamers; designed two independent sensing strategies using fluorescence labeling and Thioflavin T (ThT) displacement. Selected aptamers formed the G4-quadruplex-like (G4Q) structure, which helped develop a label-free detection approach with a 2.01 ppb limit of detection. Additionally, 3D structures of aptamers were generated and validated using a series of computational modeling programs. Furthermore, we explored structural features using CD spectroscopy and molecular docking, probing ligands' binding mode, and revealed vital intermolecular interactions with aptamers. Subsequently, the novel sensors were optimized to detect malathion from food samples. The novel sensors could be further developed to meet the demands of sensing and quantifying toxic contaminants from real food samples in field conditions.
PubMed: 35728408
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121617 -
Journal of the American Academy of... May 2019Many drugs have been used to treat scabies, but it is unclear which of them is the most efficacious. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Many drugs have been used to treat scabies, but it is unclear which of them is the most efficacious.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of antiscabietic agents.
METHODS
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials was conducted. Direct and network meta-analyses were applied to 13 antiscabietic agents on 3 outcomes (cure, persistent itching, and adverse events). Their probability of having highest efficacy and safety was estimated and ranked.
RESULTS
A network meta-analysis of 52 trials including 9917 patients indicated that permethrin (the reference treatment) had a significantly higher cure rate than sulfur, malathion, lindane, crotamiton, and benzyl benzoate. Combination permethrin plus oral ivermectin had a nonsignificantly higher cure rate than permethrin. Combination permethrin plus oral ivermectin was ranked highest in terms of cure, topical ivermectin in terms of persistent itching, and synergized pyrethrins in terms of adverse events. On the basis of clustered ranking, permethrin, oral ivermectin, and synergized pyrethrins seemed to retain balance between cure and adverse events.
LIMITATIONS
There are small numbers of trials and patients in some comparisons and a high risk of bias in some trials.
CONCLUSION
There is no 1 treatment that ranked highest in all aspects. Physicians should consider the drug's efficacy and safety profiles, along with ease of administration.
Topics: Benzoates; Drug Therapy, Combination; Hexachlorocyclohexane; Humans; Insecticides; Ivermectin; Malathion; Network Meta-Analysis; Permethrin; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Scabies; Sulfur; Toluidines
PubMed: 30654070
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2019.01.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Complex diseases are associated with the effects of multiple genes, proteins, and biological pathways. In this context, the tools of Network Medicine are compatible as a...
Complex diseases are associated with the effects of multiple genes, proteins, and biological pathways. In this context, the tools of Network Medicine are compatible as a platform to systematically explore not only the molecular complexity of a specific disease but may also lead to the identification of disease modules and pathways. Such an approach enables us to gain a better understanding of how environmental chemical exposures affect the function of human cells, providing better perceptions about the mechanisms involved and helping to monitor/prevent exposure and disease to chemicals such as benzene and malathion. We selected differentially expressed genes for exposure to benzene and malathion. The construction of interaction networks was carried out using GeneMANIA and STRING. Topological properties were calculated using MCODE, BiNGO, and CentiScaPe, and a Benzene network composed of 114 genes and 2415 interactions was obtained. After topological analysis, five networks were identified. In these subnets, the most interconnected nodes were identified as: IL-8, KLF6, KLF4, JUN, SERTAD1, and MT1H. In the Malathion network, composed of 67 proteins and 134 interactions, HRAS and STAT3 were the most interconnected nodes. Path analysis, combined with various types of high-throughput data, reflects biological processes more clearly and comprehensively than analyses involving the evaluation of individual genes. We emphasize the central roles played by several important hub genes obtained by exposure to benzene and malathion.
Topics: Humans; Benzene; Malathion; Biomarkers; Occupational Exposure; Environmental Exposure; Gene Regulatory Networks; Gene Expression Profiling
PubMed: 37298367
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119415 -
Metabolites Oct 2023Malathion is one of the most used organophosphorus pesticides that is used for many reasons such as agriculture and industry. Human exposure to malathion may occur...
Malathion is one of the most used organophosphorus pesticides that is used for many reasons such as agriculture and industry. Human exposure to malathion may occur through various means, such as eating food that has been treated with it. Malathion not only increases oxidative stress but also decreases the antioxidant capacity. Curcumin is a powerful antioxidant with many pharmacological actions. Curcumin can act as a free radical scavenger and inhibit the activation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Curcumin could combat the lipid peroxidation and antioxidant depletion that trigger the apoptotic pathways. This study aims to examine the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects of curcumin. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups (six rats each): control, curcumin, malathion, and malathion + curcumin groups. At the assigned time, blood samples were used for the assessment of serum creatinine, and the kidneys were excised and washed; parts of them were used for the assessment of total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glutathione (GSH) activity, other parts were fixed in formalin for further staining. Histopathological evaluation was performed for the fixed specimens after staining with H&E, sirus red, and the immunohistochemical staining for NF-κβ, TNF-α, Caspase-3, Nrf2, and HO-1. Curcumin significantly decreases the serum creatinine after malathion exposure and significantly restores the oxidant/antioxidant balance by increasing TAC and GSH and decreasing TOS, OSI, and MDA. Curcumin exerts its reno-protective effect and restores the histological architecture of the kidney by downregulating the immune expression of NF-κβ, TNF-α, and Caspase-3 and upregulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. This study concluded that curcumin protects against nephrotoxicity caused by malathion by exerting its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic capabilities.
PubMed: 37999213
DOI: 10.3390/metabo13111117 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Jun 2023Kidney injury represents a global concern, leading to chronic kidney disease. The organophosphate insecticide malathion (MT) demonstrates environmental disturbance and...
Rutin protects against gamma-irradiation and malathion-induced oxidative stress and inflammation through regulation of mir-129-3p, mir-200C-3p, and mir-210 gene expressions in rats' kidney.
Kidney injury represents a global concern, leading to chronic kidney disease. The organophosphate insecticide malathion (MT) demonstrates environmental disturbance and impairment of different mammalian organs, including kidneys. Likewise, gamma-irradiation (IRR) provokes destructive effects in the kidneys. Rutin is a flavonoid glycoside that exhibits nephro-protective and radio-protective properties. This manuscript focused on investigating the protective response of rutin on MT- and IRR-triggered kidney injury in rats. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups of twelve: G1 (C), control; G2 (Rutin), rutin-treated rats; G3 (IRR), gamma-irradiated rats; G4 (MT), malathion-treated rats; G5 (IRR/MT), gamma-irradiated rats treated with malathion; G6 (IRR/Rutin), gamma-irradiated rats treated with rutin; G7 (MT/Rutin), rats treated with malathion and rutin; and G8 (IRR/MT/Rutin), gamma-irradiated rats treated with malathion and rutin, every day for 30 days. The results demonstrated that rutin treatment regulated the biochemical parameters, the oxidative stress, the antioxidant status, and the inflammatory responses due to the down-regulation of the renal NF-κB p65 protein expression. Moreover, it amended the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AchE), angiotensin ACE I, and ACE II-converting enzymes. Besides, it regulated the iNOS, eNOS, miR-129-3p, miR-200c, and miR-210 gene expressions and bradykinin receptor (B1R and B2R) protein expressions. Histopathological examinations of the kidney tissue confirmed these investigated results. It could be concluded that rutin demonstrated nephro/radioprotection and counteracted the toxicological effects triggered in the kidney tissues of IRR, MT, and IRR/MT intoxicated rats, via regulating miR-129-3p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-210-3p gene expressions, which consequently regulated B2R protein expressions, ACE II activity, and HIF-1α production, respectively.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Rutin; Malathion; Acetylcholinesterase; Kidney; Oxidative Stress; MicroRNAs; Gene Expression; Inflammation; Mammals
PubMed: 37184799
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27166-z -
Journal of Arthropod-borne Diseases Dec 2021Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Among neglected zoonotic diseases, leishmaniases caused by parasite through infected female sand fly bite, are a group of diseases found in 98 countries and territories representing a critical burden of disease worldwide. Vector management plays a crucial role in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases by WHO's global plan. The objective of the current study was to assess the susceptibility status of wild phlebotomine sand flies from Esfahan Province, central Iran, to the recommended insecticides by WHO.
METHODS
Sand flies were collected by mouth aspirator in Matin Abad desert Eco-resort and were tested using WHO adult mosquito test kit against Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Malathion 5% and Propoxur 0.1%. The number of knockdown sand flies were recorded during exposure time in ten minutes interval for DDT and Deltamethrin and they were allowed to recover for 24 hours. Knockdown Time (KD) and KD were generated for them using Probit software. They were mounted and identified by valid keys.
RESULTS
Among the tested insecticides against female , DDT, Deltamethrin, and Malathion recorded the highest mortality rate of 100%, followed by Propoxur with 92.2% mortality for a one-hour exposure. For DDT, KD and KD were calculated 21.87 and 42.93 and for Deltamethrin, they were 23.74 and 56.50 minutes respectively. Total sand flies exposed with DDT and Deltamethrin shed their leg(s).
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that from central Iran is susceptible to DDT, Deltamethrin, Malathion, and Propoxur.
PubMed: 36644307
DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i4.10501 -
Insects Sep 2021(Matsumura) is one of the most economically important pests of soft-skinned fruits worldwide. Repeated insecticide applications commonly used to prevent fruit...
(Matsumura) is one of the most economically important pests of soft-skinned fruits worldwide. Repeated insecticide applications commonly used to prevent fruit infestations increase the risk of resistance development in . Assessment of resistance risk in using artificial selection can be valuable in developing proactive resistance management strategies to retain susceptibility in the field populations. Here, we artificially selected a colony of field-collected for resistance against spinosad and malathion. A quantitative genetic approach was then used to estimate realized heritability () of resistance and predict the rates of resistance development. After 10 and 11 generations of selection, resistance to spinosad and malathion in females significantly increased by 7.55- and 2.23-fold, respectively. Based on the predicted rates of resistance development, assuming = 0.14 (mean of spinosad resistance in this study) and 90% of population was killed at each generation, 10-fold increase in LC of females would be expected in nine generations for spinosad. However, 10-fold increase in LC of females for malathion would be expected in 37 generations, assuming = 0.08 (mean of malathion resistance) and 90% of population was killed at each generation. These results indicate that the risk of resistance in populations exists against both spinosad and malathion. However, resistance would develop faster against spinosad as compared to malathion. Thus, resistance management strategies should be implemented proactively to maintain the effectiveness of these insecticides to control .
PubMed: 34564234
DOI: 10.3390/insects12090794