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Frontiers in Nutrition 2022Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
Evidence regarding associations of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFAs) with chronic diseases is mixed. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between total or individual SFA biomarkers and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
METHODS
Four electronic databases were searched from inception to March 2022. Three investigators independently assessed for inclusion and extracted data. Random-effects or fixed-effects models was used to estimate the pooled relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association of total or individual SFA biomarkers, including even-chain SFAs (e.g., 14:0, myristic acid; 16:0, palmitic acid; 18:0, stearic acid), odd-chain SFAs (e.g., 15:0, pentadecanoic acid; 17:0, margaric acid) and very-long-chain SFAs (VLCSFAs; e.g., 20:0, arachidic acid; 22:0, behenic acid; 24:0, lignoceric acid), with risk of incident type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease [CVD; coronary heart disease (CHD) inclusive of stroke], CHD and stroke.
RESULTS
A total of 49 prospective studies reported in 45 articles were included. Higher concentration of circulating total SFAs was associated with an increasing risk of cardiometabolic diseases, the risk increased significantly by 50% for CVD (95%CI:1.31-1.71), 63% for CHD (95%CI:1.38-1.94), 38% for stroke (95%CI:1.05-1.82), respectively. Similarly, levels of even-chain SFAs were positively associated with higher risk of chronic diseases, with RRs ranging from 1.15 to 1.43. In contrast, the risk of cardiometabolic diseases was reduced with increasing odd-chain SFA levels, with RRs ranging from 0.62 to 0.91. A higher level of VLCSFAs corresponded to 19% reduction in CVD. Further dose-response analysis indicated that each 50% increment in percentage of total SFAs in circulating was associated with an 8% higher risk of T2D (RR: 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02-1.14) and trends toward higher risk of CVD (RR: 1.15, 95%CI: 0.98-1.34). Inverse linear relationships were observed between 17:0 biomarker and T2D or CVD risk.
CONCLUSION
Our findings support the current recommendations of reducing intake of saturated fat as part of healthy dietary patterns. Further studies are needed to confirm our findings on these SFAs in relation to cardiometabolic outcomes and to elucidate underlying mechanisms.
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION
[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022329182], identifier [CRD42022329182].
PubMed: 36046138
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.963471 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), premalignant lesions of gastric cancer (GC), greatly increases the risk of GC. Gastroscopy with tissue biopsy is the most commonly used...
BACKGROUND
Chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), premalignant lesions of gastric cancer (GC), greatly increases the risk of GC. Gastroscopy with tissue biopsy is the most commonly used technology for CAG diagnosis. However, due to the invasive nature, both ordinary gastroscope and painless gastroscope result in a certain degree of injury to the esophagus as well as inducing psychological pressure on patients. In addition, patients need fast for at least half a day and take laxatives.
METHODS
In this study, fecal metabolites and microbiota profiles were detected by metabolomics and 16S rRNA V4-V5 region sequencing.
RESULTS
Alteration of fecal metabolites and microbiota profiles was found in CAG patients, compared with healthy volunteers. To identify the most relevant features, 7 fecal metabolites and 4 microbiota were selected by random forest (RF), from A and B sample sets, respectively. Furthermore, we constructed support vector machines (SVM) classifification model using 7 fecal metabolites or 4 gut microbes, or 7 fecal metabolites with 4 gut microbes, respectively, on C sample set. The accuracy of classifification model was 0.714, 0.857, 0.857, respectively, and the AUC was 0.71, 0.88, 0.9, respectively. In C sample set, Spearman's rank correlation analysis demonstrated heptadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid were signifificantly negatively correlated to and , respectively. We constructed SVM classifification model using 2 correlated fecal metabolites and 2 correlated gut microbes on C sample set. The accuracy of classification model was 0.857, and the AUC was 0.88.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, heptadecanoic acid and pentadecanoic acid, crosstalk with fecal-derived gut microbiota namely Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003 and Haemophilus, are potential non-invasive biomarkers for CAG diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Gastritis, Atrophic; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Feces; Biomarkers; Firmicutes
PubMed: 36699724
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1064737 -
PLoS Medicine Sep 2021We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
We aimed to investigate the association of serum pentadecanoic acid (15:0), a biomarker of dairy fat intake, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality in a Swedish cohort study. We also systematically reviewed studies of the association of dairy fat biomarkers (circulating or adipose tissue levels of 15:0, heptadecanoic acid [17:0], and trans-palmitoleic acid [t16:1n-7]) with CVD outcomes or all-cause mortality.
METHODS AND FINDINGS
We measured 15:0 in serum cholesterol esters at baseline in 4,150 Swedish adults (51% female, median age 60.5 years). During a median follow-up of 16.6 years, 578 incident CVD events and 676 deaths were identified using Swedish registers. In multivariable-adjusted models, higher 15:0 was associated with lower incident CVD risk in a linear dose-response manner (hazard ratio 0.75 per interquintile range; 95% confidence interval 0.61, 0.93, P = 0.009) and nonlinearly with all-cause mortality (P for nonlinearity = 0.03), with a nadir of mortality risk around median 15:0. In meta-analyses including our Swedish cohort and 17 cohort, case-cohort, or nested case-control studies, higher 15:0 and 17:0 but not t16:1n-7 were inversely associated with total CVD, with the relative risk of highest versus lowest tertile being 0.88 (0.78, 0.99), 0.86 (0.79, 0.93), and 1.01 (0.91, 1.12), respectively. Dairy fat biomarkers were not associated with all-cause mortality in meta-analyses, although there were ≤3 studies for each biomarker. Study limitations include the inability of the biomarkers to distinguish different types of dairy foods and that most studies in the meta-analyses (including our novel cohort study) only assessed biomarkers at baseline, which may increase the risk of misclassification of exposure levels.
CONCLUSIONS
In a meta-analysis of 18 observational studies including our new cohort study, higher levels of 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower CVD risk. Our findings support the need for clinical and experimental studies to elucidate the causality of these relationships and relevant biological mechanisms.
Topics: Biomarkers; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cause of Death; Dairy Products; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Incidence; Male; Middle Aged; Observational Studies as Topic; Prevalence; Protective Factors; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; Sweden; Time Factors
PubMed: 34547017
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003763 -
Nature Communications Mar 2019Mechanosensitive ion channels rely on membrane composition to transduce physical stimuli into electrical signals. The Piezo1 channel mediates mechanoelectrical...
Mechanosensitive ion channels rely on membrane composition to transduce physical stimuli into electrical signals. The Piezo1 channel mediates mechanoelectrical transduction and regulates crucial physiological processes, including vascular architecture and remodeling, cell migration, and erythrocyte volume. The identity of the membrane components that modulate Piezo1 function remain largely unknown. Using lipid profiling analyses, we here identify dietary fatty acids that tune Piezo1 mechanical response. We find that margaric acid, a saturated fatty acid present in dairy products and fish, inhibits Piezo1 activation and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), present in fish oils, modulate channel inactivation. Force measurements reveal that margaric acid increases membrane bending stiffness, whereas PUFAs decrease it. We use fatty acid supplementation to abrogate the phenotype of gain-of-function Piezo1 mutations causing human dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Beyond Piezo1, our findings demonstrate that cell-intrinsic lipid profile and changes in the fatty acid metabolism can dictate the cell's response to mechanical cues.
Topics: Anemia, Hemolytic, Congenital; Animals; Cell Membrane; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; Gain of Function Mutation; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Hydrops Fetalis; Ion Channel Gating; Ion Channels; Lipid Metabolism; Mice; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Patch-Clamp Techniques
PubMed: 30867417
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09055-7 -
Journal of Food and Drug Analysis Jan 2018The comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of Cassia tora (leaves and stem) was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-seven fatty...
The comparative analysis of the fatty acid composition of Cassia tora (leaves and stem) was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Twenty-seven fatty acids were identified in C. tora (leaves and stem) which was collected from three different geographical areas of India: Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh), Nainital (Uttarakhand), and Bhavnagar (Gujarat), coded as CT-1, CT-2, and CT-3, respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed the presence of various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. The major fatty acids found were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, margaric acid, melissic acid, and behenic acid. The highest amounts of saturated fatty acids were found in leaves of C. tora collected from Bhavnagar (Gujarat) (60.7% ± 0.5%). Thus, the study reveals that C. tora has a major amount of nutritionally important fatty acids, along with significant antimicrobial potential. Fatty acids play a significant role in the development of fat products with enhanced nutritional value and clinical application. Remarkable differences were found in the present study between fatty acid profiles of C. tora collected from different locations in India. To the best of our knowledge there is no previously reported comparative study of the fatty acids of C. tora.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Cassia; Fatty Acids; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Geography; Humans; India; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Plant Extracts; Plant Leaves; Plant Stems
PubMed: 29389545
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.12.010 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2020The present study evaluated the effects of dietary -carbamylglutamate (NCG) on carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles in the longissimus dorsi muscle and...
The present study evaluated the effects of dietary -carbamylglutamate (NCG) on carcass traits, meat quality, and fatty acid profiles in the longissimus dorsi muscle and adipose tissues of Chinese Ningxiang pigs. A total of 36 castrated female pigs with a similar initial weight (43.21 ± 0.57 kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments (with six pens per treatment and three pigs per pen) and fed either a basal diet or a basal diet supplemented with 0.08% NCG for 56 days. Results showed that dietary NCG reduced shear force ( = 0.004) and increased drip loss ( = 0.044) in longissimus dorsi muscle of Ningxiang pigs. Moreover, increased levels of oleic acid (C18:1n9c) ( = 0.009), paullinic acid (C20:1) ( = 0.004), and α-linolenic acid (C18:3n3) ( < 0.001), while significant reduction in the proportions of arachidonic acid (C20:4n6) ( < 0.001) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ( = 0.017) were observed in the longissimus dorsi muscle of pigs fed NCG when compared with those fed the control diet. As for adipose tissues, the C20:1 ( = 0.045) proportion in dorsal subcutaneous adipose (DSA), as well as the stearic acid (C18:0) ( = 0.018) level in perirenal adipose (PA) were decreased when pigs were fed the NCG diet compared with those of the control diet. In contrast, the margaric acid (C17:0) ( = 0.043) proportion in PA were increased. Moreover, the NCG diet produced PA with a greater proportion of total PUFAs ( = 0.001) (particularly linoleic acid (C18:2n6c) ( = 0.001)) compared with those produced by the control diet. These findings suggest that dietary NCG has beneficial effects by decreasing the shear force and improving the healthfulness of fatty acid profiles, providing a novel strategy for enhancing meat quality of pigs.
PubMed: 31935807
DOI: 10.3390/ani10010088 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2018Dietary tallow was thermally oxidized at 180°C in an open fryer. The oxidized tallow (OT) and unoxidized tallow were characterized for oxidation parameters and fatty...
Dietary tallow was thermally oxidized at 180°C in an open fryer. The oxidized tallow (OT) and unoxidized tallow were characterized for oxidation parameters and fatty acid composition using GC-MS. Tallow samples were fed to rabbits along with 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg/day of ellagic acid (EA) for three weeks. Results revealed that the peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) significantly increased, while radical scavenging activity (RSA) of the tallow decreased significantly with oxidation. GC-MS analysis showed eight fatty acids in the tallow samples, where palmitic acid (48.5-49.7 g/100 g), linoleic acid (18.7-23.7 g/100 g), stearic acid (13.5-15.6 g/100 g), and margaric acid (6.32-6.42 g/100 g) were the major fatty acids. Animal studies showed that oxidized tallow (OT) alone or in combination with EA significantly altered the body weight of the rabbits. Serum biochemical parameters and renal function tests were affected by OT and ameliorated by EA. The toxic effects of OT on haematological indices were minimized by EA. The supplementation of OT alone had significant effects on the liver structure and functions. The coadministration of EA reduced the toxic properties of OT on the liver, by increasing the antioxidant (GSH) system. The rabbit heart was also affected by the OT, which was ameliorated by EA supplementation. These results suggested that the supplementation of EA was beneficial against the OT-induced oxidative stress and may be considered for foods containing oxidized lipids.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Body Weight; Cattle; Diet; Ellagic Acid; Fats; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Lipid Peroxidation; Liver; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress; Rabbits; Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances
PubMed: 30581536
DOI: 10.1155/2018/7408370 -
Nature Communications Jun 2020PIEZO2 is the essential transduction channel for touch discrimination, vibration, and proprioception. Mice and humans lacking Piezo2 experience severe mechanosensory and...
PIEZO2 is the essential transduction channel for touch discrimination, vibration, and proprioception. Mice and humans lacking Piezo2 experience severe mechanosensory and proprioceptive deficits and fail to develop tactile allodynia. Bradykinin, a proalgesic agent released during inflammation, potentiates PIEZO2 activity. Molecules that decrease PIEZO2 function could reduce heightened touch responses during inflammation. Here, we find that the dietary fatty acid margaric acid (MA) decreases PIEZO2 function in a dose-dependent manner. Chimera analyses demonstrate that the PIEZO2 beam is a key region tuning MA-mediated channel inhibition. MA reduces neuronal action potential firing elicited by mechanical stimuli in mice and rat neurons and counteracts PIEZO2 sensitization by bradykinin. Finally, we demonstrate that this saturated fatty acid decreases PIEZO2 currents in touch neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells. Our findings report on a natural product that inhibits PIEZO2 function and counteracts neuronal mechanical sensitization and reveal a key region for channel inhibition.
Topics: Action Potentials; Algorithms; Animals; Cells, Cultured; Fatty Acids; Humans; Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells; Ion Channels; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Knockout; Neurons; Proprioception; Rats; Touch
PubMed: 32561714
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16816-2 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2015The role of C17:0 and C15:0 in human health has recently been reinforced following a number of important biological and nutritional observations. Historically, odd chain... (Review)
Review
The role of C17:0 and C15:0 in human health has recently been reinforced following a number of important biological and nutritional observations. Historically, odd chain saturated fatty acids (OCS-FAs) were used as internal standards in GC-MS methods of total fatty acids and LC-MS methods of intact lipids, as it was thought their concentrations were insignificant in humans. However, it has been thought that increased consumption of dairy products has an association with an increase in blood plasma OCS-FAs. However, there is currently no direct evidence but rather a casual association through epidemiology studies. Furthermore, a number of studies on cardiometabolic diseases have shown that plasma concentrations of OCS-FAs are associated with lower disease risk, although the mechanism responsible for this is debated. One possible mechanism for the endogenous production of OCS-FAs is α-oxidation, involving the activation, then hydroxylation of the α-carbon, followed by the removal of the terminal carboxyl group. Differentiation human adipocytes showed a distinct increase in the concentration of OCS-FAs, which was possibly caused through α-oxidation. Further evidence for an endogenous pathway, is in human plasma, where the ratio of C15:0 to C17:0 is approximately 1:2 which is contradictory to the expected levels of C15:0 to C17:0 roughly 2:1 as detected in dairy fat. We review the literature on the dietary consumption of OCS-FAs and their potential endogenous metabolism.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Coronary Disease; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Fatty Acids; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Risk Factors
PubMed: 25647578
DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022425 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Feb 2016The association between saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk is debated.
The association between dietary saturated fatty acids and ischemic heart disease depends on the type and source of fatty acid in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort.
BACKGROUND
The association between saturated fatty acid (SFA) intake and ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk is debated.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to investigate whether dietary SFAs were associated with IHD risk and whether associations depended on 1) the substituting macronutrient, 2) the carbon chain length of SFAs, and 3) the SFA food source.
DESIGN
Baseline (1993-1997) SFA intake was measured with a food-frequency questionnaire among 35,597 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort. IHD risks were estimated with multivariable Cox regression for the substitution of SFAs with other macronutrients and for higher intakes of total SFAs, individual SFAs, and SFAs from different food sources.
RESULTS
During 12 y of follow-up, 1807 IHD events occurred. Total SFA intake was associated with a lower IHD risk (HR per 5% of energy: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.93). Substituting SFAs with animal protein, cis monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), or carbohydrates was significantly associated with higher IHD risks (HR per 5% of energy: 1.27-1.37). Slightly lower IHD risks were observed for higher intakes of the sum of butyric (4:0) through capric (10:0) acid (HRSD: 0.93; 95% CI: 0.89, 0.99), myristic acid (14:0) (HRSD: 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83, 0.97), the sum of pentadecylic (15:0) and margaric (17:0) acid (HRSD: 0.91: 95% CI: 0.83, 0.99), and for SFAs from dairy sources, including butter (HRSD: 0.94; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.99), cheese (HRSD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.97), and milk and milk products (HRSD: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86, 0.97).
CONCLUSIONS
In this Dutch population, higher SFA intake was not associated with higher IHD risks. The lower IHD risk observed did not depend on the substituting macronutrient but appeared to be driven mainly by the sums of butyric through capric acid, the sum of pentadecylic and margaric acid, myristic acid, and SFAs from dairy sources. Residual confounding by cholesterol-lowering therapy and trans fat or limited variation in SFA and PUFA intake may explain our findings. Analyses need to be repeated in populations with larger differences in SFA intake and different SFA food sources.
Topics: Adult; Cohort Studies; Dairy Products; Diet; Diet Surveys; Diet, Fat-Restricted; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Incidence; Male; Meat; Middle Aged; Molecular Weight; Myocardial Ischemia; Netherlands; Proportional Hazards Models; Prospective Studies; Registries; Risk Factors
PubMed: 26791181
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.122671