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European Journal of Nutrition Apr 2019The association between dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. This study aimed at investigating the association between...
Intake of dietary saturated fatty acids and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands cohort: associations by types, sources of fatty acids and substitution by macronutrients.
PURPOSE
The association between dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) intake and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains unclear. This study aimed at investigating the association between SFA intake and T2D risk based on (1) individual SFA (differing in carbon chain length), (2) food sources of SFA and (3) the substituting macronutrients.
METHODS
37,421 participants from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Netherlands (EPIC-NL) cohort were included in this study. Baseline dietary intake was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire. T2D risks were estimated by Cox regression models adjusted for non-dietary and dietary covariates.
RESULTS
893 incident T2D cases were documented during 10.1-year follow-up. We observed no association between total SFA and T2D risk. Marginally inverse associations were found for lauric acid (HR per 1 SD of energy%, 95% CI 0.92, 0.85-0.99), myristic acid (0.89, 0.79-0.99), margaric acid (0.84, 0.73-0.97), odd-chain SFA (pentadecylic plus margaric acids; 0.88, 0.79-0.99), and cheese derived SFA (0.90, 0.83-0.98). Soft and liquid fats derived SFA was found related to higher T2D risk (1.08, 1.01-1.17). When substituting SFA by proteins, carbohydrates and polyunsaturated fatty acids, significantly higher risks of T2D were observed (HRs per 1 energy% ranging from 1.05 to 1.15).
CONCLUSION
In this Dutch population, total SFA does not relate to T2D risk. Rather, the association may depend on the types and food sources of SFA. Cheese-derived SFA and individual SFA that are commonly found in cheese, were significantly related to lower T2D risks. We cannot exclude the higher T2D risks found for soft and liquid fats derived SFA and for substituting SFA with other macronutrients are influenced by residual confounding by trans fatty acids or limited intake variation in polyunsaturated fatty acids and vegetable protein.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Fats; Dietary Proteins; Energy Intake; Fatty Acids; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Nutrients; Prospective Studies; Risk Factors
PubMed: 29524001
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1630-4 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020Excess dietary fructose is a major public health concern (1-4). Evidence shows increased fructose intake can cause insulin resistance, hepatic lipogenesis,...
Excess dietary fructose is a major public health concern (1-4). Evidence shows increased fructose intake can cause insulin resistance, hepatic lipogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia, obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (5-9). However, little is known about the effects of fructose during pregnancy and its influence on offspring development and predisposition to later-life disease. To determine whether moderately increased maternal fructose intake could have health consequences on offspring, we have investigated the effects of 10% w/v fructose water intake during preconception and pregnancy. Female Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs were fed a control diet (CD) or fructose diet (FD;10% kcal from fructose) 60 days prior to mating and throughout gestation. Offspring were culled at weaning, day 21 (d21). Compared to CD dams, FD dams had altered glucose metabolism and increased milk free fatty acid content. Matsuda-DeFronzo insulin sensitivity index (M-ISI) from OGTT plasma showed no significant difference in whole-body insulin sensitivity between FD and CD dams 60 days post-dietary intervention and during midgestation. Fetal exposure to increased maternal fructose resulted in offspring with significantly altered serum free fatty acids at days 0, 7, 14, and 21 [including pentadecanoic acid (15:0), dma16:0, margaric acid (17:0) palmitoleic acid, total omega-7 and total saturates], increased levels of uric acid and triglycerides were also observed at d21. We have demonstrated that increased fructose intake during pregnancy can cause significant changes in maternal metabolic function and milk composition, which alters offspring metabolism. Taken together, these changes in pregnancy outcomes and feto-maternal condition may underlie their offspring's predisposition to metabolic dysfunction during later-life.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Blood Glucose; Body Weight; Fatty Acids; Female; Fructose; Guinea Pigs; Lipogenesis; Male; Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; Milk; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Sweetening Agents
PubMed: 32849314
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00550 -
Zucc: Phytochemistry and Activity of Its Extracts and Major Constituents Against Resistant Bacteria.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2019Zucc. is used both as a source of food and in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases derived from bacterial infections such as bronchitis, laryngitis, nephritis,...
Zucc. is used both as a source of food and in ethnomedicine to treat various diseases derived from bacterial infections such as bronchitis, laryngitis, nephritis, whooping cough, urethritis, and sepsis. There are no previous reports about its chemistry and biological activities. Therefore, the aims of this study were to identify components from organic and aqueous extracts of and test the extracts and major isolate compounds against resistant bacteria. Hexane, CHCl/MeOH, and aqueous extracts were prepared and analyzed by different chromatographic techniques. Structural elucidation was carried out by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial activities of extracts, phytochemicals, and semisynthetic derivatives against resistant bacteria were determined by the broth micro-dilution method. From the hexane extract nonacosane (1), hexatriacontanyl stearate (2), hexacosanol (3), oleic acid (4), and β-sitosterol (5) were isolated and characterized. From the CHCl/MeOH extract, -coumaric acid (6), margaric acid (7), caffeic acid (8), daucosterol (9), and potassium chloride (10) were isolated and characterized. A total of 58 volatile compounds were identified by GC-MS from the hexane extract and two solids were isolated from the CHCl/MeOH extract. The UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis of the aqueous extract allowed the identification of 55 polar compounds. Hexane and aqueous extracts showed antibacterial activity against ESBL , and three strains of ESBL, NDM-1 +, and OXA-48 with MIC values of 500 µg/mL. The CHCl/MeOH extract was devoid of activity. The activity of phytocompounds and their semisynthetic derivatives toward resistant bacteria was weak. The most active compound was β-sitosterol acetate, with a MIC value of 100 µg/mL against carbapenem-resistant . This is the first report of the secondary metabolites of Zucc. and the activity of its extracts and major pure compounds against resistant bacterial strains.
Topics: Alkanes; Bacteria; Escherichia coli; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Medicine, Traditional; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oleic Acid; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Sitosterols
PubMed: 31546651
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193434 -
Foods (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2023This study aims to investigate the effect of synbiotic-glyconutrients (SB-GLN) additive on growth performance, fatty acid profile, sensory characteristics, and texture...
Synbiotic-Glyconutrient Additive Reveals a Conducive Effect on Growth Performance, Fatty Acid Profile, Sensory Characteristics, and Texture Profile Analysis in Finishing Pig.
This study aims to investigate the effect of synbiotic-glyconutrients (SB-GLN) additive on growth performance, fatty acid profile, sensory characteristics, and texture profile analysis in finishing pig. Landrace × Yorkshire ♀ × (Duroc ♂) ( = 60) pigs with average body weight of 54.88 ± 1 kg were allocated into one of three dietary treatment groups in a complete randomized block design with four replicates of five pigs (two barrows and three gilts) per pen. The test treatments (TRT) were CON-corn-soybean meal basal diet; TRT 1-CON+ 0.25% SB-GLN; and TRT 2-CON + 0.5% SB-GLN. SB-GLN contains 1 × 10 CFU/g each of: , , and , and 5% yeast cell wall β-Glucans (from S. Cerevisiae), and 14% of glyconutrients (N-acetylglucosamine, D-xylose, and Fucose). Pigs fed SB-GLN supplement showed linearly increased ( < 0.05) body weight, daily gain, and daily feed at the end of week 5, 10, and the overall experimental period. In addition, G:F showed a tendency to decrease ( < 0.1) at the end of week 10 and the overall experimental period. In addition, pigs that received a graded level of SB-GLN showed a tendency to increase ( < 0.1) their longiness muscle area and decreased ( < 0.05) cooking loss. The sensory results of pork belly (tenderness and juiciness) and loin (flavor) meat, and the texture profile analysis parameters of hardness 1, cohesiveness, and gumminess (belly), and hardness 2, chewiness, and springiness (loin) meat were linearly higher ( < 0.05) in the SB-GLN group. The values of fatty acid like butyric acid, caproic acid, undecylic acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecyclic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and lignoceric acid were higher in pork belly fat of the SB-GLN-treated group compared to CON. Moreover, pigs that received SB-GLN exhibited higher crude fat and lauric acid, myristic acid, pentacyclic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, Octadecanoic acid, Oleic acid, linoleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid FA profiles in belly-lean meat. Also, the FA profile of the SB-GLN-treated group loin-lean meat showed increased lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linoleic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. The SB-GLN-treated group pork belly fat, belly lean meat, and loin-lean meat showed linearly increased docosahexaenoic acid, nervonic acid, omega 3, omega 6, ω-6: ω-3, Σ saturated FA, Σ un-SFA, Σ mono-USFA, Σ poly-USFA, MUFA/SFA, and PUFA/SFA. Therefore, we infer that the inclusion of 0.5% SB-GLN additive to finishing pig diet would be more beneficial to enhance their performance, and to increase the essential FA profile of pork meat for human consumption.
PubMed: 38201133
DOI: 10.3390/foods13010105 -
International Journal of Clinical... Apr 2013A Malabsorption Blood Test (MBT) is proposed as an alternative method to the 72-hour stool and dietary collection for assessing the degree of fat malabsorption in people...
Diagnosing malabsorption with systemic lipid profiling: pharmacokinetics of pentadecanoic acid and triheptadecanoic acid following oral administration in healthy subjects and subjects with cystic fibrosis.
OBJECTIVE
A Malabsorption Blood Test (MBT) is proposed as an alternative method to the 72-hour stool and dietary collection for assessing the degree of fat malabsorption in people with pancreatic insufficiency. The MBT consists of a simultaneous oral dose of pentadecanoic acid (PA), a free fatty acid, and triheptadecanoic acid (THA), a triglyceride with three heptadecanoic (HA) saturated fatty acids requiring hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase before HA can be intestinally absorbed. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the ability of MBT to detect fat malabsorption in healthy adult subjects using the pancreatic lipase (PL) inhibitor Orlistat (Xenical®), and in subjects with CF and PI while on and off routine pancreatic enzyme doses.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The MBT with the PA and THA were delivered in a breakfast test meal (2.5 g PA and either 5 g or 8 g THA) to healthy adult subjects (ages 18 - 50 years, BMI 21 - 30) and to subjects with CF (> 12 years, FEV1% predicted > 40%), after a 12-hour fast and 24 hours without dairy foods. Serum levels of PA and HA were assessed by gas-liquid chromatography, from blood samples drawn prior to MBT and then hourly for 8 hours. For healthy subjects, the MBT was administered before and after Orlistat treatment, and in subjects with CF, both with subjects receiving routine pancreatic lipase treatment ("on enzyme") and also "off enzyme" treatment. Treatment groups were compared for baseline (C0) and maximum (Cmax) plasma concentrations of PA and HA over 8 hours: area under the curve (AUC) was calculated using linear trapezoid method. The ratio of HA to PA Cmax and AUC was also calculated and compared.
RESULTS
For the healthy subjects (n = 15, 60% female, ages 21 - 49 years), absorption of HA was reduced 71% for Cmax (p < 0.001) and 65% for AUC (p = 0.001) after Orlistat treatment, and absorption of PA was unchanged. For subjects with CF (n = 6, 50% female, ages 13 - 19 years), absorption of HA was minimal with subjects "off enzymes" and increased significantly with subjects "on enzymes" while absorption of PA did not differ between groups. Enzyme administration resulted in increased Cmax HA/ PA ratios from 0.02 to 0.92 and from 0.05 to 0.73 in subjects with CF receiving 5.0 g and 8.0 g of THA, respectively. AUC HA/PA ratios showed similar increases.
CONCLUSIONS
In this pilot and feasibility proof-of-concept study, the MBT, utilizing the relative absorption of HA to PA, two odd-chained fatty acids, responds to changes in fat absorption in healthy subjects using a lipase inhibitor and in subjects with CF while on or off enzyme therapy. The MBT holds promise to provide a more accurate, specific and acceptable alternative to the 72-hour stool collection to quantify pancreatic-based fat malabsorption in a variety of clinical and research contexts.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Adolescent; Adult; Area Under Curve; Chromatography, Gas; Cystic Fibrosis; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Feasibility Studies; Female; Humans; Lactones; Malabsorption Syndromes; Male; Middle Aged; Orlistat; Pilot Projects; Young Adult
PubMed: 23357842
DOI: 10.5414/CP201793 -
Pharmacognosy Magazine Oct 2015Black cumin oil is obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. which belongs to family Ranunculaceae. The seed oil has been reported to possess antitumor, antioxidant,...
BACKGROUND
Black cumin oil is obtained from the seeds of Nigella sativa L. which belongs to family Ranunculaceae. The seed oil has been reported to possess antitumor, antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, central nervous system depressant, antioxidant, and immunostimulatory activities. These bioactivities have been attributed to the fixed oil, volatile oil, or their components. Seed oil consisted of 15 saturated fatty acids (17%) and 17 unsaturated fatty acids (82.9%). Long chain fatty acids and medium chain fatty acids have been reported to increase oral bioavailability of peptides, antibiotics, and other important therapeutic agents. In earlier studies, permeation enhancement and bioenhancement of drugs has been done with black cumin oil.
OBJECTIVE
In order to recognize the mechanism of binding of fatty acids to P-glycoprotein (P-gp), linoleic acid, oleic acid, margaric acid, cis-11, 14-eicosadienoic acid, and stearic acid were selected for in silico studies, which were carried out using AutoDock 4.2, based on the Lamarckian genetic algorithm principle.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Template search with BLAST and HHblits has been performed against the SWISS-MODEL template library. The target sequence was searched with BLAST against the primary amino acid sequence of P-gp from Rattus norvegicus.
RESULTS
The amount of energy needed by linoleic acid, oleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, margaric acid, and stearic acid to bind with P-gp were found to be - 10.60, -10.48, -9.95, -11.92, and - 10.37 kcal/mol, respectively. The obtained data support that all the selected fatty acids have contributed to inhibit P-gp activity thereby enhances the bioavailability of drugs.
CONCLUSION
This study plays a significant role in finding hot spots in P-gp and may offer the further scope of designing potent and specific inhibitors of P-gp.
SUMMARY
Generation of 3D structure of fatty acid compounds from Black cumin oil and 3D homology modeling of Rat P glycoprotein as a receptor.Rat P-gp structure quality shows 88.5% residues in favored region obtained by Ramchandran plot analysis.Docking analysis revealed that Some amino acids common for all compounds like Ser221, Pro222, Ile224, Gly225, Ser228, Ala229, Lys233, Tyr302, Tyr309, Ile337, Leu338 and Thr341 in the P-gp and ligands binding patterns.Eicosadeinoic acid has highest binding affinity with P-gp as the amount of energy needed to bind with P-gp was lowest (-11.92 kcal/mol). Abbreviations used: P-gp: P-glycoprotein.
PubMed: 27013802
DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.172969 -
Nutrition & Metabolism 2019Circulating odd-chain fatty acids pentadecanoic (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) are considered to reflect dairy intake. In cohort studies, higher circulating 15:0...
BACKGROUND
Circulating odd-chain fatty acids pentadecanoic (15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (17:0) are considered to reflect dairy intake. In cohort studies, higher circulating 15:0 and 17:0 were associated with lower type 2 diabetes risk. A recent randomized controlled trial in humans suggested that fiber intake also increased circulating 15:0 and 17:0, potentially resulting from fermentation by gut microbes. We examined the associations of dairy and fiber intake with circulating 15:0 and 17:0 in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI).
METHODS
We performed cross-sectional analyses in a subsample of 869 Dutch post-MI patients of the Alpha Omega Cohort who had data on dietary intake and circulating fatty acids. Dietary intakes (g/d) were assessed using a 203-item food frequency questionnaire. Circulating 15:0 and 17:0 (as % of total fatty acids) were measured in plasma phospholipids (PL) and cholesteryl esters (CE). Spearman correlations ( ) were computed between intakes of total dairy, dairy fat, fiber, and circulating 15:0 and 17:0.
RESULTS
Patients were on average 69 years old, 78% was male and 21% had diabetes. Total dairy intake comprised predominantly milk and yogurt (69%). Dairy fat was mainly derived from cheese (47%) and milk (15%), and fiber was mainly from grains (43%). Circulating 15:0 in PL was significantly correlated with total dairy and dairy fat intake (both = 0.19, < 0.001), but not with dietary fiber intake ( = 0.05, = 0.11). Circulating 17:0 in PL was correlated both with dairy intake ( = 0.14 for total dairy and 0.11 for dairy fat, < 0.001), and fiber intake ( = 0.19, < 0.001). Results in CE were roughly similar, except for a weaker correlation of CE 17:0 with fiber ( = 0.11, = 0.001). Circulating 15:0 was highest in those with high dairy intake irrespective of fiber intake, while circulating 17:0 was highest in those with high dairy and fiber intake.
CONCLUSIONS
In our cohort of post-MI patients, circulating 15:0 was associated with dairy intake but not fiber intake, whereas circulating 17:0 was associated with both dairy and fiber intake. These data suggest that cardiometabolic health benefits previously attributed to 17:0 as a biomarker of dairy intake may partly be explained by fiber intake.
PubMed: 31754368
DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0407-y -
PLoS Medicine Oct 2018We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
We aimed to investigate prospective associations of circulating or adipose tissue odd-chain fatty acids 15:0 and 17:0 and trans-palmitoleic acid, t16:1n-7, as potential biomarkers of dairy fat intake, with incident type 2 diabetes (T2D).
METHODS AND FINDINGS
Sixteen prospective cohorts from 12 countries (7 from the United States, 7 from Europe, 1 from Australia, 1 from Taiwan) performed new harmonised individual-level analysis for the prospective associations according to a standardised plan. In total, 63,682 participants with a broad range of baseline ages and BMIs and 15,180 incident cases of T2D over the average of 9 years of follow-up were evaluated. Study-specific results were pooled using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Prespecified interactions by age, sex, BMI, and race/ethnicity were explored in each cohort and were meta-analysed. Potential heterogeneity by cohort-specific characteristics (regions, lipid compartments used for fatty acid assays) was assessed with metaregression. After adjustment for potential confounders, including measures of adiposity (BMI, waist circumference) and lipogenesis (levels of palmitate, triglycerides), higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with lower incidence of T2D. In the most adjusted model, the hazard ratio (95% CI) for incident T2D per cohort-specific 10th to 90th percentile range of 15:0 was 0.80 (0.73-0.87); of 17:0, 0.65 (0.59-0.72); of t16:1n7, 0.82 (0.70-0.96); and of their sum, 0.71 (0.63-0.79). In exploratory analyses, similar associations for 15:0, 17:0, and the sum of all three fatty acids were present in both genders but stronger in women than in men (pinteraction < 0.001). Whereas studying associations with biomarkers has several advantages, as limitations, the biomarkers do not distinguish between different food sources of dairy fat (e.g., cheese, yogurt, milk), and residual confounding by unmeasured or imprecisely measured confounders may exist.
CONCLUSIONS
In a large meta-analysis that pooled the findings from 16 prospective cohort studies, higher levels of 15:0, 17:0, and t16:1n-7 were associated with a lower risk of T2D.
Topics: Aged; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Australia; Biomarkers; Dairy Products; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Dietary Fats; Europe; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Incidence; Prospective Studies; Sex Factors; Taiwan; United States
PubMed: 30303968
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002670 -
Scientific Reports May 2020Dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFAs) are present in trace levels in dairy fat and some fish and plants. Higher circulating concentrations of OCFAs,...
Dietary odd-chain saturated fatty acids (OCFAs) are present in trace levels in dairy fat and some fish and plants. Higher circulating concentrations of OCFAs, pentadecanoic acid (C15:0) and heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), are associated with lower risks of cardiometabolic diseases, and higher dietary intake of OCFAs is associated with lower mortality. Population-wide circulating OCFA levels, however, have been declining over recent years. Here, we show C15:0 as an active dietary fatty acid that attenuates inflammation, anemia, dyslipidemia, and fibrosis in vivo, potentially by binding to key metabolic regulators and repairing mitochondrial function. This is the first demonstration of C15:0's direct role in attenuating multiple comorbidities using relevant physiological mechanisms at established circulating concentrations. Pairing our findings with evidence that (1) C15:0 is not readily made endogenously, (2) lower C15:0 dietary intake and blood concentrations are associated with higher mortality and a poorer physiological state, and (3) C15:0 has demonstrated activities and efficacy that parallel associated health benefits in humans, we propose C15:0 as a potential essential fatty acid. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential impact of decades of reduced intake of OCFA-containing foods as contributors to C15:0 deficiencies and susceptibilities to chronic disease.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antifibrinolytic Agents; Cell Line; Dietary Fats; Fatty Acids; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Liver; Male; Mice; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
PubMed: 32424181
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64960-y -
The Biochemical Journal Dec 1954
Topics: Fats; Fatty Acids; Food; Humans
PubMed: 13229995
DOI: 10.1042/bj0580513